中草药提取复合物对乳鸽肠道微生物、生产性能和免疫器官指数的影响

陈志炫; 陈蕙如; 陈丹心; 林友钧

doi:10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.008.010

中草药提取复合物对乳鸽肠道微生物、生产性能和免疫器官指数的影响

doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.008.010

1.
泉州市农业科学研究所，福建　泉州　362212
2.
泉州市本草赋医药科技有限公司，福建　泉州　362104

基金项目: 福建省科技计划引导性项目（2020N0056）

详细信息

作者简介:
陈志炫（1986−），男，硕士，助理研究员，研究方向：家禽营养与饲料（E-mail：chenzhixuancau@126.com）

中图分类号: S 836
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-03-08
- 修回日期: 2022-03-25
- 网络出版日期: 2022-08-08
- 刊出日期: 2022-08-28

Effects of A Chinese Herbal Extract on Gut Microbiota, Meat Production, and Immune Organ Indices of Squabs

1.
Quanzhou Institute of Agricultural Science, Quanzhou, Fujian　362212, China
2.
Quanzhou FECO Cityherbs Medicinal Technology Co., Ltd., Quanzhou, Fujian　362104, China

摘要

摘要: 目的探究以三辛酸甘油酯、桃金娘烯醇、肉豆蔻酸异丙酯、薄荷醇和樟脑为主要成分的中草药提取复合物T对大肠杆菌的抑制作用及对乳鸽肠道微生物、生产性能、免疫器官指数、肉品质和血清生化指标的影响。方法采用液体培养基抑制测定法，以质量浓度为100 mg·L⁻¹和50 mg·L⁻¹的氨苄西林作为对照，测定体积分数为1.000 0%、0.500 0%、0.250 0%、0.125 0%、0.062 5%、0.031 3%、0.015 6%和0.007 8%的复合物T对大肠杆菌的抑制作用。再选取由亲鸽哺育至10日龄的白卡奴乳鸽180只，随机分为3组，每组5个重复，每个重复12只，分别设置为对照组（CT组）、饲喂基础饲粮、试验组T1组和T2组。试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加313 mg·kg⁻¹和625 mg·kg⁻¹的复合物T。通过人工灌喂的方式饲喂乳鸽至30日龄，并测定复合物T对乳鸽肠道微生物、生产性能、免疫器官指数、肉品质和血清生化指标的影响。结果 1）从体积分数为0.062 5%开始，复合物T对大肠杆菌的抑制率随着浓度的减少而开始下降；体积分数为0.031 3%以上的复合物T对大肠杆菌的抑制率均显著高于两个抗生素对照组（P＜0.05）；复合物T对大肠杆菌在12 h和24 h的半抑制浓度（IC₅₀）分别为0.063 2%和0.042 6%。2）T2组肠道内的双歧杆菌显著高于其他各组（P＜0.05）；T2组肠道内的乳酸菌显著高于CT组（P＜0.05）。3）T2组的料重比显著低于CT组（P＜0.05）；T2组的法氏囊指数、胸肌率都显著高于CT组（P＜0.05）。4）对于胸肌肉的pH值、失水率和剪切力，以及谷草转氨酶、血清肌酐、尿素氮和尿酸等4个血清生化指标，各组之间都没有显著差异（P＞0.05）。结论复合物T对大肠杆菌具有很好的抑制作用，可以促进肠道有益菌的生长，对乳鸽的生长性能和免疫功能具有一定的促进作用，适宜添加量为625 mg·kg⁻¹。
- 三辛酸甘油酯 /
- 桃金娘烯醇 /
- 肉豆蔻酸异丙酯 /
- 薄荷醇 /
- 樟脑 /
- 乳鸽 /
- 人工灌喂
Abstract: Objective Effects dietary inclusion of Chinese herbal extract, Compound T, on Escherchia coli and gut microbiota populations, meat productivity, and immune organ indices of squabs were studied. Method Based on a liquid medium inhibition assay, the inhibition rates on E. coli of Compound T (containing mainly the effective compounds of tricaprilin, myrtenol, isopropyl myristate, menthol, and camphor) in the volume percentages of 1.0000%, 0.5000%, 0.2500%, 0.1250%, 0.0625%, 0.0313%, 0.0156%, and 0.0078%, along with 100 mg·L⁻¹ and 50 mg·L⁻¹ of ampicillin as control, were determined. One-hundred-eighty 10-d-old white Carneau squabs raised by their parent pigeons were randomly divided into 3 groups with 5 replicates of 12 birds each. The squabs in Group CT were fed on a basal diet as control, while those in Group T1 and Group T2 on the basal diet with 313 mg·kg⁻¹ and 625 mg·kg⁻¹ Compound T, respectively, by introgastric oral feeding till they were 30-d-old. Gut microbiota population, muscle buildup, immune organ indices, meat quality, and serum biochemistry of the birds were measured. Result (1) The inhibition of Compound T on E. coli declined after 0.0625% with reducing dosage. Nonetheless, the rate was significantly higher than those of the two antibiotic control groups so long as the dosage was greater than 0.0313% (P＜0.05). The half inhibitory concentrations, IC₅₀, of Compound T at 12 h and 24 h were 0.0632% and 0.0426%, respectively. (2) The gut microbiota in the squabs of Group T2 had significantly more Bifidobacteria than the other groups (P＜0.05) and significantly more Lactobacillus than CT (P＜0.05). (3) The average feed-to-weight gain ratio of the squabs in Group T2 was significantly lower and the Fabricii index and breast muscle proportion significantly higher than those in Group CT (P＜0.05). (4) There were no significant differences among the groups on pH, water loss, and breast meat shear measurement, nor on the serum aspartate aminotransferase, creatinine, urea nitrogen, and uric acid indices (P＞0.05). Conclusion Compound T displayed a significant inhibitory effect on E. coli. It also improved the probiotic population in the guts, meat quality and productivity, as well as immune functions of the squabs fed with the supplementation at a rate of 625 mg·kg⁻¹.
- Tricaprilin /
- myrtenol /
- isopropyl myristate /
- menthol /
- camphor /
- squab /
- introgastric oral feeding

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表 1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平（风干基础）

Table 1. Nutritional composition of basal diet (air-dry basis)　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　%

原料 Ingredients	含量 Content	营养水平 Nutrient levels^②	含量 Content
玉米 Corn	59.85	粗蛋白质 CP	18.95
豆粕 Soybean meal	32.00	代谢能 ME/(MJ·kg⁻¹)	12.26
次粉 Wheat middling	1.50	蛋白质能量比 P/E/(g·MJ⁻¹)	15.46
豆油 Soybean oil	2.40	有效磷 AP	0.35
石粉 Limestone	1.60	钙 Ca	0.97
磷酸氢钙 CaHPO₄	1.40	赖氨酸 Lys	0.94
食盐 NaCl	0.25	蛋氨酸 Met	0.36
预混料 Premix^①	1.00	蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸 Met+Cys	0.67
合计 Total	100.00
①预混料为每千克饲粮提供：VA 6 750 IU，VD 2 000 IU，VE 19.50 mg，VK₃ 1.50 mg，VB₁ 1.50 mg，VB₂ 5.50 mg，VB₆ 3.50 mg，VB₁₂ 0.05 mg，叶酸 0.80 mg，烟酰胺 14 mg，泛酸 9 mg，Fe 100 mg，Cu 12 mg，Mn 72 mg，Zn 65.5 mg，Se 0.3 mg，I 1.5 mg。②饲粮营养水平为计算值。 ①Per kg premix forage provided 6 750 IU VA, 2 000 IU VD, 19.50 mg VE, 1.50 mg VK₃, 1.50 mg VB₁, 5.50 mg VB₂, 3.50 mg VB₆, 0.05 mg VB₁₂, 0.80 mg folic acid, 14 mg nicotinic acid, 9 mg pantothenic acid, 100 mg Fe (as ferrous sulfate), 12 mg Cu (as copper sulfate), 72 mg Mn (as manganese sulfate), 65.5 mg Zn (as zinc sulfate), 0.3 mg Se (as sodium selenite), and 1.5 mg I (as potassium iodide). ②Dietary nutrient levels were calculated.

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表 2 试验乳鸽人工灌喂养殖标准

Table 2. Standard for introgastric oral feeding squabs

日龄 Days of age	灌喂量 Feeding amount/mL	标准体重 Body weight/g	日龄 Days of age	灌喂量 Feeding amount/mL	标准体重 Body weight/g
10	90	280	20	120	380
11	90	290	21	120	390
12	90	300	22	130	400
13	100	310	23	130	410
14	100	320	24	130	420
15	100	330	25	140	430
16	110	340	26	140	440
17	110	350	27	140	450
18	110	360	28	150	460
19	120	370	29	150	470

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表 3 不同用量复合物T对大肠杆菌的抑制率

Table 3. Inhibition on E. coli by Compound T in different concentrations %

时间 Time/h	AMP100	AMP50	C1	C1/2	C1/4	C1/8	C1/16	C1/32	C1/64	C1/128
1	4.71±1.77 g	2.34±1.52 g	31.15±1.12 a	28.41±0.61 ab	22.33±1.52 d	26.05±1.45 bc	23.85±2.19 cd	11.19±2.71 e	8.35±5.48 f	5.17±5.02 g
2	7.56±4.62 f	3.18±2.67 f	52.85±2.18 ab	48.75±1.70 bc	44.87±2.57 c	51.84±8.88 b	56.88±4.40 a	26.95±3.34 d	15.26±5.19 e	7.83±6.81 f
3	22.94±7.44 c	6.19±4.41 d	61.11±2.28 a	57.40±2.35 a	52.31±7.51 a	58.81±9.98 a	53.83±13.35 a	32.08±11.46 b	21.23±8.59 c	6.48±8.31 d
4	19.55±7.61 cd	13.37±6.65 d	62.77±2.96 a	60.68±2.77 ab	54.29±9.38 ab	50.23±12.10 b	54.80±13.95 ab	27.84±12.77 c	25.57±12.60 c	6.91±9.68 e
6	27.39±15.11 b	8.26±12.63 c	66.01±4.19 a	66.45±2.46 a	60.88±8.81 a	55.12±10.02 a	59.55±13.84 a	35.13±12.48 b	29.20±18.42 b	6.74±10.69 c
8	43.78±16.67 b	6.86±15.46 d	68.90±5.82 a	68.55±2.43 a	59.73±12.93 a	54.35±12.50 ab	59.78±18.59 a	44.61±18.88 b	28.08±15.96 c	8.60±6.79 d
12	75.19±6.72 a	39.48±20.55 c	75.06±1.62 a	73.44±2.21 a	68.92±9.25 a	66.23±12.48 ab	74.99±4.36 a	55.54±19.21 b	32.15±15.92 c	17.99±7.92 d
16	61.78±18.94 bc	31.57±20.98 de	77.51±1.84 a	76.84±2.39 a	76.01±2.42 ab	66.77±8.81 abc	75.18±4.92 ab	58.18±20.44 c	44.06±21.47 d	18.69±8.72 e
20	41.26±14.16 c	18.24±16.77 d	78.51±2.90 a	78.44±2.20 a	77.51±3.68 a	73.54±9.13 a	79.23±2.55 a	57.23±20.97 b	44.20±23.92 c	13.64±9.24 d
24	38.27±11.22 c	16.34±15.84 d	80.06±2.35 a	79.32±1.83 a	79.00±1.99 a	75.53±9.75 a	80.40±1.20 a	61.12±21.86 b	43.72±24.17 c	12.80±9.11 d
同行数据后不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著（P＜0.05）。下表同。 Data with different small letter superscripts on same row mean significant difference among different treatments (P＜0.05). Same for below.

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表 4 复合物T对乳鸽肠道微生物的影响

Table 4. Effect of Compound T on gut microflora of squabs lgCFU·g⁻¹

指标 Items	CT	T1	T2
大肠杆菌 Escherchia coli	7.90±0.33 a	7.62±0.32 a	7.44±0.65 a
双歧杆菌 Bifidobacteria	9.42±0.36 b	9.51±0.15 b	10.05±0.13 a
乳酸菌 Lactobacillus	9.24±0.14 b	9.33±0.08 ab	9.53±0.17 a

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表 5 复合物T对乳鸽生长性能的影响

Table 5. Effect of Compound T on growth of squabs

指标 Items	CT	T1	T2
10日龄体重 BW at 10 days of age/g	279.85±3.83 a	279.69±2.18 a	280.73±4.35 a
30日龄体重 BW at 30 days of age/g	471.85±3.54 b	477.35±6.10 ab	484.99±5.39 a
平均日增重 ADG/(g·d^-1)	9.60±0.27 b	9.88±0.26 ab	10.21±0.32 a
料重比 F/G	4.46±0.12 a	4.33±0.12 ab	4.19±0.13 b
存活率 Surviving rate/%	96.67±4.56 a	96.67±7.45 a	96.67±4.56 a

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表 6 复合物T对乳鸽免疫器官指数的影响

Table 6. Effect of Compound T on immune organ indices of squabs　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 ‰

指标 Items	CT	T1	T2
脾脏指数 Thymus index	0.75±0.06 a	1.19±0.39 a	1.24±0.30 a
胸腺指数 Spleen index	3.26±1.92 a	1.97±1.11 a	3.39±0.64 a
法氏囊指数 Bursa of Fabricii index	0.96±0.24 b	1.38±0.34 ab	1.63±0.19 a

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表 7 复合物T对乳鸽屠宰性能的影响

Table 7. Effect of Compound T on slaughter performance of squabs　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 %

指标 Items	CT	T1	T2
屠宰率 Slaughter rate	82.75±0.44 a	84.18±1.43 a	84.51±1.09 a
半净膛率 Semi-eviscerated rate	69.67±0.94 a	71.83±2.17 a	71.76±0.97 a
全净膛率 Eviscerated rate	54.59±1.86 a	55.84±2.11 a	54.27±2.96 a
腹脂率 Abdominal fat rate	1.22±0.51 a	1.35±0.25 a	0.96±0.29 a
胸肌率 Breast muscle rate	25.03±1.38 b	27.98±1.69 ab	28.84±2.73 a
腿肌率 Leg muscle rate	8.05±0.84 a	8.55±0.82 a	9.50±0.65 a

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表 8 复合物T对乳鸽胸肌肉品质的影响

Table 8. Effect of Compound T on breast meat quality of squabs

指标 Items	CT	T1	T2
pH_{45 min}	6.52±0.05 a	6.57±0.08 a	6.46±0.11 a
pH_{24 h}	6.39±0.09 a	6.41±0.08 a	6.37±0.11 a
失水率 Water loss rate/%	31.26±5.43 a	35.42±2.15 a	34.16±2.24 a
剪切力 Shear force/kgf	2.45±1.15 a	1.14±0.32 a	2.20±0.55 a

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表 9 复合物T对乳鸽血清生化指标的影响

Table 9. Effect of Compound T on serum biochemical indices of squabs

指标 Items	CT	T1	T2
谷草转氨酶 Aspartate aminotransferase/(μmol·L⁻¹)	37.49±19.85 a	54.95±16.77 a	65.93±26.71 a
血清肌酐 Serum creatinine/(μmol·L⁻¹)	363.35±125.12 a	374.86±167.31 a	268.12±58.10 a
尿素氮 Urea nitrogen/(mg·L⁻¹)	0.99±1.10 a	2.08±1.55 a	0.71±0.74 a
尿酸 Uric acid/(mg·L⁻¹)	0.08±0.04 a	0.10±0.03 a	0.09±0.03 a

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