单季稻红萍绿肥还田的节肥增产效应

邓素芳; 詹杰; 杨燕秋; 郑慧芬; 应朝阳

doi:10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.007.017

单季稻红萍绿肥还田的节肥增产效应

doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.007.017

邓素芳^{1, 2,},
詹杰^{1, 2},
杨燕秋^{1, 2},
郑慧芬^{1, 2},
应朝阳^{1, 2, ,}

1.
福建省农业科学院农业生态研究所，福建　福州 350013
2.
国家红萍资源中心，福建　福州 350013

基金项目: 福建省农业科学院对外合作项目（DWHZ2021-08）；福建省自然科学基金项目（2021J01469）；国家绿肥产业技术体系建设专项（CARS-22）；福建省农业种质资源创新专项（ZZZYCXZX202206）

详细信息

作者简介:
邓素芳（1982−），女，博士，助理研究员，研究方向：植物资源评价与利用（E-mail：d.sufang@163.com）

通讯作者:
应朝阳（1969−），男，研究员，研究方向：植物种质资源保护与利用（E-mail：eagleying@21cn.com）

中图分类号: S 142.5
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-02-24
- 修回日期: 2022-07-08
- 网络出版日期: 2022-08-07
- 刊出日期: 2022-07-28

Fertilizer Conservation and Yield Enhancement on Single-cropping Rice Cultivation by Azolla Application

DENG Sufang^{1, 2
,},
ZHAN Jie^{1, 2},
YANG Yanqiu^{1, 2},
ZHENG Huifen^{1, 2},
YING Zhaoyang^{1, 2
, ,}

1.
Agricultural Ecology Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian　350013, China
2.
National Azolla Germplasm Resource Center, Fuzhou, Fujian　350013, China

摘要

摘要: 目的开展红萍还田替代不同数量化肥对后茬水稻生长和稻田土壤的影响研究，明确水生绿肥红萍对单季稻的化肥减施效应。方法试验设计了3个减肥水平（氮钾肥减20%、40%、60%），比较了30 t·hm⁻²红萍还田替代不同数量氮钾化肥对后茬水稻的产量、生物学性状及土壤肥力的影响。结果与常规（配方）施肥处理相比，每公顷翻压30 t鲜红萍、减施氮钾化肥20%的处理，水稻的株高、有效分蘖数和丛穗数明显提高，产量增加11.11%，并达到显著性水平（P＜0.05）。红萍还田处理的土壤pH值、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾较未还田处理均有不同程度的提高。常规施肥处理下，红萍还田显著增加了土壤有机质（P＜0.05）。减60%氮钾肥并辅以红萍还田处理（T6）的速效钾含量与常规施肥处理的差异达显著性水平（P＜0.05）。结论每公顷翻压30 t新鲜红萍可以替代常规施肥中20%的氮钾肥，还能显著增加稻谷产量11.11%，并达到培肥地力的作用，是实现单季稻减肥增效的有效措施。本研究可为红萍在单季稻中的绿肥利用提供数据支持。
- 绿肥 /
- 红萍 /
- 还田 /
- 减肥 /
- 培肥
Abstract: Objective Effects of application of aquatic green manure Azolla on fertilizer use reduction and productivity improvement for single-cropping rice farming were studied. Method An experimentation using Azolla at a rate of 30 t·hm⁻² to replace 20%, 40%, and 60% N and K fertilizers was conducted. The resulting grain yield, plant biological characteristics, and soil fertility were monitored. Results In comparison to the conventional fertilization, the application of Azolla to achieve 20% reduction on the use of N and K fertilizers rendered significant increases on plant height, effective tillers count, and panicles per plant with an 11.11% rise on the crop yield (P＜0.05). The pH, organic matters, alkali-hydrolyzed N, available P, and readily available K of the treated soil were improved to varying extents. In general, plowing Azolla into the field significantly increased organic matters in the soil (P＜0.05). The treatment to reduce 60% use of conventional chemical fertilizers with Azolla (T6) made a significantly difference on the readily available K in soil (P＜0.05). Conclusion Application of Azolla at a rate of 30 t·hm⁻² to replace 20% of N and K for fertilization could significantly upgrade the soil fertility and increase the grain yield by 11.11%. It was considered an effective means not only to conserve fertilizer with green manure but also benefit the production of single-cropping rice farming.
- Green manure /
- Azolla /
- returning application /
- fertilizer reduction /
- soil fertility

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表 1 不同处理小区施肥量

Table 1. Amounts of fertilizer applied on plots for treatments

处理 Treatment	红萍还田量 Plow-down amount/kg	基肥 Base fertilizer			分蘖肥 Tiller fertilizer		孕穗肥 Booting fertilizer
处理 Treatment	红萍还田量 Plow-down amount/kg	尿素 Urea/g	过磷酸钙 Superphosphate/g	氯化钾 Potassium chloride/g	尿素 Urea/g	氯化钾 Potassium chloride/g	尿素 Urea/g	氯化钾 Potassium chloride/g
T1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
T2	0	375.65	1200.00	144.00	281.74	108.00	281.74	108.00
T3	72.00	375.65	1200.00	144.00	281.74	108.00	281.74	108.00
T4	72.00	300.52	1200.00	115.20	225.39	86.40	225.39	86.40
T5	72.00	225.39	1200.00	86.40	169.04	64.80	169.04	64.80
T6	72.00	150.26	1200.00	57.60	112.70	43.20	112.70	43.20
表中施肥量为单个小区（24 m²）的施肥量。 The fertilization amount in the table is the fertilization amount of a single plot (24 m²).

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表 2 红萍还田对水稻产量的影响

Table 2. Effect of Azolla application on rice yield

处理 Treatment	稻谷产量 Grain yield/(t·hm⁻²)	比T1 Compared to T1		比T2 Compared to T2		秸秆产量 Straw yield/(t·hm⁻²)	收获指数 Harvest index
处理 Treatment	稻谷产量 Grain yield/(t·hm⁻²)	增产量 Yield increment/(t·hm⁻²)	增产率 Yield increase rate/%	增产量 Yield increment/(t·hm⁻²)	增产率 Yield increase rate/%	秸秆产量 Straw yield/(t·hm⁻²)	收获指数 Harvest index
T1	7.32±0.09 d	—	—	—	—	6.59±0.11 c	0.53±0.01 a
T2	9.07±0.30 bc	1.75	23.86	—	—	8.90±1.34 ab	0.51±0.03 a
T3	9.68±0.26 ab	2.36	32.28	0.62	6.80	9.82±1.11 a	0.50±0.03 a
T4	10.07±0.35 a	2.75	37.63	1.01	11.11	9.51±0.66 ab	0.51±0.02 a
T5	8.98±0.86 bc	1.66	22.73	−0.08	−0.92	7.80±1.43 bc	0.54±0.03 a
T6	8.63±0.91 c	1.31	17.84	−0.44	−4.86	8.33±0.49 abc	0.51±0.02 a
同列不同字母表示不同处理间差异显著（P ＜0.05）； “―”表示未参与比较。下同。 The different letters in the same column indicate significant difference between different treatments (P ＜ 0.05)." —"means not participating in the comparison. Same as below.

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表 3 红萍还田对水稻产量构成因素的影响

Table 3. Effect of Azolla application on rice yield components

处理 Treatment	株高 Plant height/cm	有效分蘖数 No. of effective tillers	丛穗数 No. of spike per plant	穗长 Spike length/cm	穗粒数 No. of grains per spike	结实率 Seed setting rate/%	千粒重 1000 grain weight/g
T1	125.03±1.76 d	5.27±0.35 c	5.56±0.39 c	22.50±0.20 b	275.24±24.12 a	91.00±0.04 a	25.43±0.70 a
T2	140.91±3.80 abc	7.62±0.39 a	7.07±0.78 bc	24.22±0.47 a	287.12±23.79 a	91.70±0.01 a	25.29±0.64 a
T3	145.33±0.71 a	7.84±0.37 a	8.33±0.00 a	23.95±0.46 a	299.13±15.24 a	81.67±0.11 a	23.70±1.22 b
T4	144.25±3.43 ab	7.87±0.58 a	8.33±0.34 a	23.70±0.71 a	264.46±24.49 a	87.67±0.04 a	24.47±0.72 ab
T5	138.46±4.70 bc	6.87±0.70 ab	8.00±1.20 ab	23.68±1.00 a	283.35±12.03 a	88.33±0.09 a	25.53±0.15 a
T6	137.49±3.75 c	6.11±0.84 bc	6.11±0.51 c	23.48±0.59 ab	279.03±52.64 a	88.98±0.04 a	25.60±0.36 a

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表 4 红萍还田对水稻经济效益的影响

Table 4. Effect of Azolla application on economic benefits for rice farming

处理 Treatment	产值 Output value/ (万元·hm⁻²)	肥料成本 Fertilizer cost/（元·hm⁻²）	红萍还田成本 The cost of returning Azolla to the field/（元·hm⁻²）	收益 Income/（万元·hm⁻²）	收入比T1增加 Income increased over T1/%	收入比T2增加 Income increased over T2/%
T1	2.05±0.03 c	0	0	2.05±0.03 c	—	—
T2	2.54±0.08 b	1194.00	0	2.42±0.08 ab	18.09	—
T3	2.71±0.07 ab	1194.00	380.00	2.55±0.07 ab	24.75	5.64
T4	2.82±0.10 a	978.00	380.00	2.69±0.10 a	31.17	11.07
T5	2.52±0.24 b	762.00	380.00	2.40±0.24 b	17.84	−0.21
T6	2.42±0.26 b	546.00	380.00	2.32±0.26 bc	13.47	−3.91

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表 5 红萍还田对水稻收获后土壤养分含量的影响

Table 5. Effect of Azolla application on nutrients in soil after rice harvest

处理 Treatment	pH	有机质 Organic matter/ （g·kg⁻¹）	碱解氮 Alkaline hydrolyzed nitrogen/（mg·kg⁻¹）	有效磷 Available phosphorus/ （mg·kg⁻¹）	速效钾 Available potassium/（mg·kg⁻¹）
T1	4.97±0.04 a	29.01±3.07 ab	141.56±24.12 a	43.26±5.09 a	42.52±4.38 ab
T2	4.89±0.04 b	27.10±3.38 b	138.44±15.88 a	43.75±5.91 a	41.85±6.07 b
T3	4.88±0.04 b	29.87±3.72 a	150.50±22.95 a	43.90±6.30 a	47.01±12.98 ab
T4	4.93±0.03 ab	28.81±2.14 ab	144.86±11.16 a	45.36±5.13 a	45.68±1.51 ab
T5	4.92±0.01 ab	28.59±1.27 ab	144.09±13.37 a	49.46±4.38 a	45.35±1.07 ab
T6	4.91±0.03 ab	30.43±2.13 a	157.50±9.26 a	46.60±2.60 a	55.66±9.35 a

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