不同钙肥及其施用方式对巨峰葡萄果实品质的影响

刘鑫铭; 陈婷; 雷龑

doi:10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2021.11.006

不同钙肥及其施用方式对巨峰葡萄果实品质的影响

doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2021.11.006

刘鑫铭^{1, 2,},
陈婷^{1, 2},
雷龑^{1, 2, ,}

1.
福建省农业科学院果树研究所，福建　福州　350013
2.
福建省落叶果树工程技术研究中心，福建　福州　350013

基金项目: 福建省科技计划公益类专项（2019R1028-6）；“十四五”福建省种业创新与产业化工程项目（zycxny2021010）；福建省农业高质量发展超越“5511”协同创新工程项目（XTCXGC2021006）；国家现代农业产业技术体系资助项目（CARS-29）

详细信息

作者简介:
刘鑫铭（1986−），女，硕士，助理研究员，研究方向：果树育种与栽培技术（E-mail：liuxinming204@163.com）

通讯作者:
雷龑（1979−），男，博士，副研究员，研究方向：果树育种与栽培技术（E-mail：lxmy2010@163.com）

中图分类号: S 663.1
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-08-15
- 修回日期: 2021-09-17
- 刊出日期: 2021-11-28

Effects of Calcium Fertilizers and Application Methods on Quality of Kyoho Grapes

LIU Xinming^{1, 2
,},
CHEN Ting^{1, 2},
LEI Yan^{1, 2
, ,}

1.
Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian　350013, China
2.
Research Centre for Engineering Technology of Fujian Deciduous Fruits, Fuzhou, Fujian　350013, China

摘要

摘要: 目的研究不同钙肥及其施用方式对巨峰葡萄果实品质的影响，为生产栽培提供理论参考。方法以4年生避雨设施栽培巨峰葡萄为试材，以叶面、果穗喷施及叶面、果穗喷施结合根际灌施2种方式，分别施用1500倍糖醇钙和800倍硝酸钙2种不同的钙肥，测定巨峰葡萄成熟过程中的果皮着色、不同部位钙含量、可溶性固形物质、总糖、总酸含量及果粒硬度等指标。结果钙肥施用对提升巨峰葡萄外观着色、内在品质及不同部位钙含量等均起到一定作用。不同处理间以叶面、果穗喷施结合根际灌施糖醇钙肥处理果皮着色较深；糖酸比值44.63；总酚、花色苷、共价结合型果胶及离子结合型果胶含量显著高于对照；果皮与果肉钙含量分别为对照的1.36倍和1.73倍；果肉硬度比对照高出19.28%；可溶性固形物较对照提升5.71%。结论钙处理对提升巨峰葡萄内外在果实品质具有一定作用，以叶面、果穗喷施结合根际灌施1500倍糖醇钙肥处理对巨峰葡萄鲜果品质提升效果最佳，可在生产中推广应用。
- 钙 /
- 叶面肥 /
- 灌施 /
- 巨峰葡萄 /
- 品质
Abstract: Objective Effects of different calcium fertilizers and application methods on the fruit quality of Kyoho grape were studied to provide guidelines for the production and cultivation. Method Four-year-old Kyoho grape vines were cultivated in a rain shelter facility to observe the results under treatments of varied calcium fertilizers and applications. Two different calcium fertilizers, 1 500 x sugar alcohol calcium and 800 x calcium nitrate, were used to either spray on the leaves and/or fruit ears or combine the spraying with rhizosphere irrigation. Grape peel color, calcium contents in different parts, and soluble solid, total sugar, and total acid contents, as well as firmness of the fruits were monitored. Result The fertilizing method affected both the peel color change and pulp quality as well as the calcium content in different parts of the grapes. When the leaves and fruit ears were sprayed and accompanied by rhizosphere irrigation with the sugar alcohol calcium fertilizer, the pericarp color was intensified. The contents of total phenols, anthocyanins, covalently bound pectin, and ion-bound pectin of the grapes also increased to become significantly higher than those of control. The calcium contents in peel and pulp were 1.36 and 1.73 times of control, respectively; the flesh firmness 19.28% higher than that of control; and the soluble solid mass fraction 5.71% higher than that of control. Conclusion The calcium fertilizations improved both internal and external quality of Kyoho grapes. By combining the foliar-and-ear spraying with rhizosphere irrigation using the 1,500x sugar alcohol calcium fertilizer, significant improvements on the fresh fruit quality could be realized.
- calcium /
- leaf fertilizer /
- irrigation /
- Kyoho grape /
- quality

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表 1 施钙对巨峰葡萄果实品质的影响

Table 1. Effect of calcium application on Kyoho grape quality

处理 Treatment	总糖 Total sugar content/%	总酸 Total acid content/%	糖酸比 Ratio of total sugar to total acid	总酚 Total phenol/ （mg·g⁻¹）	花色苷 Anthocyanins/ （µg·g⁻¹）	共价结合型果胶 Covalently bonded pectin/ （mg·g⁻¹）	离子结合型果胶 Ion-bound pectin/ （mg·g⁻¹）
A+C	13.46 bB	0.36 aA	37.39 bB	4.77b B	303.65 aA	181.70 bB	152.90 bB
A+C+D	14.28 aA	0.32 bB	44.63 aA	4.89 aA	313.53 aA	186.05 aA	170.03 aA
B+C	13.28 bB	0.37 aA	35.89 bB	4.79 bB	303.84 aA	159.67 cC	148.86 bB
B+C+D	14.06 aA	0.32 bB	43.94 aA	4.90 aA	296.74 bA	183.40 aAB	162.09 aA
CK	13.27 bB	0.37 aA	35.86 bB	4.87 aAB	256.35 cB	150.00 dC	148.40 bB
注：（1）A+C：叶面、果穗喷施糖醇钙肥；A+C+D：叶面、果穗喷施结合根际灌施糖醇钙肥； B+C：叶面、果穗喷施硝酸钙肥；B+C+D：叶面、果穗喷施结合根际灌施硝酸钙肥；CK：清水喷施。（2）数据为巨峰葡萄最后一次采样，即花后95 d的测定数据。（3）同列数据后不同大小写字母分别表示不同处理间差异达极显著水平(P＜0.01)和显著水平(P＜ 0.05)。（4）表中数据为2020年数据。表2～7同。 Note: (1) A+C: Spraying sugar alcohol calcium fertilizer on ear; A+C+D: Foliar-and-ear spraying combined with rhizosphere irrigation using sugar alcohol calcium fertilizer; B+C: Spraying calcium nitrate fertilizer on leaves and ears; B+C+D: Foliar-and-ear spraying combined with rhizosphere irrigation using calcium nitrate fertilizer; CK: Spraying with clean water. (2) Data collected at last sampling, i.e., 95d after flowering. (3) Data with different uppercase and lowercase letters on same column indicate extremely significant differences (P ＜ 0.01) and significant level (P ＜0.05), respectively. (4) Data presented were collected in 2020. Same for Tables 2-7.

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表 2 施钙对巨峰葡萄果皮着色的影响

Table 2. Effect of calcium application on Kyoho grape peel color

处理 Treatment	L	a	b	C	H	a/b
A+C	29.57 aA	7.74 cC	−1.13 dD	7.14 cC	350.71 aAB	6.85 bB
A+C+D	27.99 bB	8.76 aA	−1.94 aA	8.03 bB	347.77 aAB	4.52 eE
B+C	30.23 aA	7.04 dD	−1.29 cC	8.75 aA	347.28 aAB	5.46 cC
B+C+D	27.05 cB	8.27 bB	−1.70 bB	7.28 cC	357.93 aA	4.86 dD
CK	30.16 aA	7.04 dD	−0.49 eE	7.15 cC	353.23 aA	14.37 aA

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表 6 施钙对巨峰葡萄果实硬度的影响

Table 6. Effect of calcium application on firmness of Kyoho grapes （单位：kg·cm⁻²）

处理 Treatment	花后70 d 70 d after flowering	花后75 d 75 d after flowering	花后80 d 80 d after flowering	花后85 d 85 d after flowering	花后90 d 90 d after flowering	花后95 d 95 d after flowering
A+C	0.472 bA	0.452 bB	0.400 dC	0.394 cD	0.368 cC	0.338 dD
A+C+D	0.462 bA	0.434 cC	0.423 bcB	0.419 bBC	0.414 aA	0.396 aA
B+C	0.471 aA	0.464 aA	0.458 aA	0.439 aA	0.395 bB	0.383 bB
B+C+D	0.472 abA	0.444 bB	0.425 bB	0.422 aAB	0.387 bB	0.365 cC
CK	0.443 cB	0.419 dC	0.408 cBC	0.407 bCD	0.361 cC	0.332 eD

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表 3 施钙对巨峰葡萄果皮钙含量的影响

Table 3. Effects of calcium application on calcium content in Kyoho grape peel （单位：µg·g⁻¹）

处理 Treatment	花后70 d 70 d after flowering	花后75 d 75 d after flowering	花后80 d 80 d after flowering	花后85 d 85 d after flowering	花后90 d 90 d after flowering	花后95 d 95 d after flowering
A+C	224 cC	234 cC	260 cC	293 dD	302 dD	298 cC
A+C+D	289 aA	306 aAB	356 aA	388 aA	403 aA	370 aA
B+C	253 bB	280 bB	282 bB	321 cC	334 cC	324 bB
B+C+D	241 bB	303 aA	347 aA	364 bB	370 bB	366 aA
CK	215 cC	227 cC	248 dC	258 eE	268 eE	270 dD

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表 4 施钙对巨峰葡萄果肉钙含量的影响

Table 4. Effect of calcium application on calcium content in Kyoho grape pulp （单位：µg·g⁻¹）

处理 Treatment	花后70 d 70 d after flowering	花后75 d 75 d after flowering	花后80 d 80 d after flowering	花后85 d 85 d after flowering	花后90 d 90 d after flowering	花后95 d 95 d after flowering
A+C	5.2 cC	9.0 bB	10.0 cC	11.4 cC	12.3 dD	12.2 dC
A+C+D	5.0 cC	9.7 aA	15.6 aA	18.9 aA	22.7 aA	21.6 aA
B+C	6.2 aA	8.3 cC	14.0 bB	16.2 bB	18.2 cC	14.0 cB
B+C+D	5.9 bB	9.0 bB	13.7 bB	16.4 bB	19.0 bB	14.6 bB
CK	4.5 dD	5.8 dD	10.3 cC	11.7 cC	12.1 eD	12.5 dC

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表 5 施钙对巨峰葡萄果粒重量的影响

Table 5. Effect of calcium application on weight of individual Kyoho grape （单位：g）

处理 Treatment	花后70 d 70 d after flowering	花后75 d 75 d after flowering	花后80 d 80 d after flowering	花后85 d 85 d after flowering	花后90 d 90 d after flowering	花后95 d 95 d after flowering
A+C	9.93 bAB	10.27 aA	10.52 cBC	10.81 bcB	10.93 aA	11.11 aA
A+C+D	10.04 aA	10.36 aA	10.61 bB	10.88 bAB	11.03 aA	11.08 aA
B+C	9.74 bcB	9.93 bA	10.30 cC	10.64 dC	10.85 aA	11.02 aA
B+C+D	9.66 cB	10.02 abA	10.31 cC	10.58 cdBC	10.93 aA	11.07 aA
CK	10.15 aA	10.52 aA	10.87 aA	10.99 aA	11.09 aA	11.19 aA

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表 7 施钙对巨峰葡萄果实可溶性固形物含量的影响

Table 7. Effect of calcium application on soluble solids content of Kyoho grapes （单位：%）

处理 Treatment	花后70 d 70 d after flowering	花后75 d 75 d after flowering	花后80 d 80 d after flowering	花后85 d 85 d after flowering	花后90 d 90 d after flowering	花后95 d 95 d after flowering
A+C	16.23 bcAB	16.70 abA	17.37 abA	17.54 aAB	17.81 abA	17.70 cB
A+C+D	16.35 aA	16.77 aA	17.63 aA	17.87 aA	18.50 aA	18.27 aA
B+C	15.99 bcAB	16.33 bA	17.17 bA	17.50 aA	17.93 bA	17.87 bcAB
B+C+D	16.12 abAB	16.57 bA	17.61 abA	17.98 aA	18.33 abA	18.07 abAB
CK	15.89 cB	16.07 abA	16.76 bA	17.35 bB	17.50 bA	17.77 cB

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