Effects of Waterlogging on Physiology and Yield of Wheat Plants at Booting Stage
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摘要:
目的 小麦渍害是长江中下游小麦生产中的主要非生物胁迫因素，研究孕穗期不同渍害时长对小麦生理特性及产量的影响，为小麦孕穗期的耐渍性机理研究和生产提供理论依据。 方法 以小麦品种扬麦16和中麦895为供试材料，采用盆栽控水方法，研究孕穗期渍害时长对小麦生长及产量的影响。 结果 （1）孕穗期发生渍害，小麦叶片的叶绿素含量显著降低，渍害时长越久，叶片SPAD值下降程度越大；受害越重的叶片SPAD值下降幅度越大，倒二叶较同期的旗叶受害严重。（2）小麦的CAT、SOD和POD等抗氧化物酶的酶活性在渍害期间呈现“ ∧ ”型变化趋势，活性氧（ROS）含量在渍害前期有降低或缓慢增加现象，而在渍害后期呈急剧升高趋势。（3）孕穗期短期内渍害有效穗数、穗粒数和千粒重等产量要素有小幅度增加现象，这可能是小麦的应激反应所致。（4）孕穗期渍害对小麦株高无显著影响，长期渍害导致小麦产量显著下降，有效穗数、穗粒数和千粒重的降低是引起小麦减产的主要因子；在渍害15 d后，中麦895和扬麦16的单株产量分别较CK降低了51.47%和43.99%。 结论 孕穗期渍害显著降低了小麦叶片叶绿素含量，破坏了植株体内活性氧代谢和抗氧化酶系统之间的平衡，过量积累的活性氧致使细胞脂膜过氧化，导致细胞结构和功能受损，进而影响植株光合作用和营养物质的传输和积累，使小麦生物量大幅降低，从而导致籽粒灌浆不足，造成空粒、瘪粒和无效穗数显著增多，最终造成小麦减产。此外，在整个渍害胁迫过程中，供试的2个小麦品种的耐渍性强弱表现为：扬麦16 ＞ 中麦895。 Abstract:Objective Effects of waterlogging, a major abiotic stress ill-affecting the wheat production in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, at booting stage on the physiology and yield of wheat were studied. Method The growth and yield of Yangmai 16 and Zhongmai 895 wheat plants subjected to flooding at booting stage by controlled water supply in pots were analyzed. Result (1) Waterlogging significantly reduced the chlorophyll content in wheat leaves. The longer the stress lasted, the greater the decline on SPAD and the more severe the injury, the greater SPAD reduction on the leaves. More serious damage was observed on the top second leaf than on the top first flag leaf of a plant. (2) The activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as CAT, SOD, and POD, changed in an inverted V pattern as the waterlogging prolonged. The content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) either decreased or increased slowly in the early stage of waterlogging but increased sharply in the late stage. (3) At booting stage, the wheat plants might respond to the waterlogging stress to increased slightly on the effective number of ears per plant, grain number per ear, 1000-grain weight, and other yield factors. (4) Waterlogging at wheat heading stage exerted no significant effect on the plant height. On the other hand, lasting waterlogging significantly decreased the grain yield with declined effective panicle number, grain number per panicle, and 1000-grain weight. After 15 d of continued flooding, the yields per plant of Zhongmai 895 and Yangmai 16 decreased by 51.47% and 43.99%, respectively, over CK. Conclusion Waterlogging imposed on wheat plants at booting stage significantly reduced the leaf chlorophyll content, disrupted the oxygen metabolism, and upset the delicate balance of the antioxidant enzyme system. As a result, the excessively accumulated ROS in the plant could induce the peroxidization of lipid cellular membrane and impair the cell structure and functions that was detrimental to the photosynthesis as well as the nutrient transfer and accumulation of the plant. In the end, the much-reduced biomass and grain-filling but significantly increased number of empty, deflated, and unusable grains meant a final crop reduction. Insofar as resistance to waterlogging stress is concerned, Yangmai 16 was found to be stronger than Zhongmai 895. -
Key words:
- wheat /
- booting stage /
- waterlogging stress /
- chlorophyll content /
- reactive oxygen metabolism /
- yield
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图 2 孕穗期渍害胁迫小麦超氧阴离子自由基（O2·−）产生速率和过氧化氢（H2O2）含量的变化
Figure 2. Changes on superoxide anion radical (O2·−) generation rate (A) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content (B) in wheat at booting stage under waterlogging
Note: Figure 2-A: The superoxide anion radical, Figure 2-B. The hydrogen peroxide content.
图 4 孕穗期渍害胁迫对小麦旗叶MDA含量的变化
Figure 4. Changes on MDA content in flag leaves of wheat at booting stage under waterlogging
表 1 孕穗期渍害胁迫对小麦产量构成因子的影响
Table 1. Effects of waterlogging on yield traits of wheat plants
品种
Variety处理
Treatment株高
Plant heigh/cm穗长
Ear length/cm有效穗
Effective panicle/
（个·株−1）穗粒数
Grain number per panicle/
（粒·穗−1）千粒重
1000—grain
weight /g产量
Yield/
（g·株−1）产量降幅
Yield loss/%中麦895
Zhongmai895CK 73.2±0.1 a 7.09±1.0 a 5.5±0.6 a 30.2±1.1 a 46.9±0.4 a 7.790±0.8 a — WL1 73.2±0.4 a 7.09±1.3 a 5.5±0.3 a 30.2±0.4 a 47.1±1.1 b 7.823±0.2 b 0.4 WL3 73.2±0.2 a 7.09±1.2 a 5.6±0.4 b 30.3±0.7 b 47.2±0.6 c 8.009±0.5 c 2.81 WL5 73.2±0.4 a 7.06±1.3 b 5.5±0.2 a 29.8±1.2 c 46.7±0.1 d 7.654±0.4 d −1.75 WL7 73.1±1.1 a 6.98±0.3 c 5.3±0.7 c 29.4±0.4 d 44.3±1.3 e 6.903±0.8 e −11.39 WL9 73±0.8 a 6.84±0.5 d 5.0±0.5 d 29.0±0.6 e 41.4±0.8 f 6.003±1.1 f −22.94 WL11 72.8±0.7 a 6.81±0.4 e 4.7±0.3 e 28.3±1.0 f 39.2±1.1 g 5.214±0.7 g −33.07 WL13 72.7±0.9 a 6.74±0.7 f 4.4±0.6 f 27.6±0.7 g 37.6±1.2 h 4.566±0.5 h −41.39 WL15 72.5±0.6 a 6.66±1.2 g 4.0±0.7 g 26.4±1.0 h 35.8±0.8 i 3.780±0.8 i −51.47 扬麦16
Yangmai16CK 85.4±0.7 a 8.94±1.1 a 4.7±0.5 a 39.2±0.9 a 39.1±0.8 a 7.204±0.7 a — WL1 85.4±1.2 a 8.95±0.8 a 4.7±0.8 a 39.1±0.2 b 39.2±0.2 b 7.204±1.2 a 2.13 WL3 85.4±0.9 a 8.97±1.0 b 4.8±0.3 b 39.2±0.1 a 39.2±0.1 b 7.530±0.5 b 3.46 WL5 85.2±1.1 a 8.94±0.6 a 4.6±0.5 c 38.9±0.3 c 38.7±0.4 c 6.925±0.1 c −3.87 WL7 85.2±0.3 a 8.89±0.5 c 4.6±0.9 c 38.2±0.2 d 36.9±0.3 d 6.484±0.1 d −9.99 WL9 85.1±0.4 ab 8.83±0.9 d 4.5±0.2 d 37.6±0.7 e 35.6±0.1 e 6.024±1.0 e −16.38 WL11 84.8±0.6 ab 8.75±0.4 e 4.2±0. e 36.8±0.2 f 34.4±0.5 f 5.317±0.8 f −26.19 WL13 84.5±0.2 bc 8.59±0.3 f 3.9±0.9 f 35.9±0.5 g 33.2±0.8 g 4.648±0.7 g −35.47 WL15 84.2±0.5 c 8.52±1.1 g 3.6±0.7 g 35.1±0.8 h 32.5±1.1 h 4.107±1.3 h −43.99 注：CK为空白组，WL1～15为渍害胁迫1～15 d，表中的值为平均值±标准误差，同列处理组内的数值后的不同小写字母表示差异显著（P＜0.05）。
Note: CK: control; WL1-15: waterlogging stress imposed for 1-15 d; data are mean ± standard error; data with different lowercase letters on same column indicate significant differences (P＜0.05).
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