Effects of Soil Passivating Agents on Lead/Cadmium/ Chromium Contents in Vegetables
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摘要:
目的 选取市场上常见的8种钝化修复产品，对比它们在大田环境下对菜叶类蔬菜的产量及吸收重金属的影响，筛选出适合福建省酸性土壤重金属污染的钝化剂。 方法 选取福建屏南县某Pb、Cd和Cr污染农田为试验地块，比较不同钝化剂对上海青（第一季）、夏阳白（第二季）的产量、重金属含量、土壤pH值和有效态的影响。 结果 （1）OSA土壤重金属钝化剂和特贝钙土壤调理剂分别显著增加上海青和夏阳白产量，增产84.2%和65.4%，增幅最大。（2）Yonker土壤调理剂和OSA土壤重金属钝化剂分别显著升高上海青和夏阳白土壤的pH值，达到5.25和4.76，提升效果最好。（3）海状元土壤调理剂显著降低了上海青和夏阳白中土壤DTPA提取态Cd含量，较对照降低31.0%和25.4%，效果最好。Yonker土壤调理剂和海状元土壤调理剂分别对上海青、夏阳白土壤中DTPA的Pb含量降低幅度最大。OSA土壤重金属钝化剂和康源土壤调理剂分别对上海青、夏阳白土壤中DTPA的Cr含量降低幅度最大。（4）OSA土壤重金属钝化剂显著降低了上海青和夏阳白的Pb含量，降低了41.5%和46.0%，效果最好。OSA土壤重金属钝化剂和Yonker土壤调理剂分别显著降低上海青和夏阳白中Cd含量，降低46.0%和34.6%，效果最好。万亩田有机肥和Yonker土壤调理剂分别显著降低上海青和夏阳白中Cr含量，降低73.2%和60.6%，效果最好。其中，OSA 土壤重金属钝化剂、特贝钙土壤调理剂和Yonker土壤调理剂处理后上海青中的Cd含量从超标降低至国家安全标准以内。（5）相关性分析得，上海青和夏阳白中Pb、Cd和Cr的含量与土壤DTPA提取态含量呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01），但与土壤pH值呈极显著性负相关（P＜0.01）。说明钝化剂提高土壤pH值，降低土壤有效态含量，减少土壤中重金属向上运移，降低上海青和夏阳白的重金属含量。 结论 综合分析，OSA土壤重金属钝化剂和Yonker土壤调理剂对酸性土壤Pb、Cd和Cr复合污染的钝化修复效果佳。 Abstract:Objective Commercial soil passivating agents were compared for their effects on the heavy metal uptakes by leafy vegetables in the field of acidic soil in Fujian. Method A farm in Pingnan county contaminated with Pb, Cd, and Cr was selected to conduct the tests for determining the effects of 8 passivating agents on yield and heavy metal content of Pakchoi (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis) in the 1st season and Chinese cabbage (B. rapa subsp. pekinensis) in the 2nd season grown on the lot. pH and DTPA-extractable in the soil were measured to correlate them with the migration of the heavy metals to the vegetables. Result (1) Application of either the heavy metal passivator, OSA, or Tebbe Calcium Conditioner significantly increased the yield of Pakchoi by up to 84.2% and Chinese cabbage by up to 65.4% over control. (2) Yonker Soil Conditioner or OSA produced the most significant rises on the soil pH to 5.25 on the lot during the 1st season when Pakchoi were planted and 4.76 in the subsequent season for growing Chinese cabbages. (3) Sea Crown Soil Conditioner significantly reduced DTPA-extracted Cd in the soil of the Pakchoi lot by 31.0% and of the Chinese cabbage lot by 25.4% over control. Among the treatments, Yonker and Sea Crown rendered the highest reductions on the DTPA-extracted Pb, while OSA and Kangyuan Soil Conditioner on DTPA-extracted Cr in both vegetable lots. (4) Of all the agents applied, the best results by comparing to control were found with OSA, which significantly decreased Pb in Pakchoi by 41.5% and in Chinese cabbages by 46.0%, with OSA or Yonker, which significantly decreased Cd in Pakchoi by 46.0% and in Chinese cabbages by 34.6%, and with Ten-thousand-mu Organic Fertilizer or Yonker, which significantly reduced Cr in Pakchoi by 73.2% and in Chinese cabbages by 60.6%. In the soil, OSA, Tebbe, or Yonker also effectively reduced the Cd at the Pakchoi lot to be within the national safety standard limit. (5) Positive correlations between the Pb, Cd, and Cr contents in vegetables and the DTPA-extractable in soil (P＜0.01), as well as a negative correction between the heavy metals in vegetables and soil pH (P＜0.01). It suggested that the passivating agents raised the pH of the acidic soil and effectively lowered and mitigated the heavy metals migration from the soil resulting in significant reduction on Pb/Cd/Cr in Pakchoi and Chinese cabbages grown on the land. Conclusion It appeared that the tested passivator OSA and conditioner Yonker were effective in remediating Pb/Cd/Cr-polluted acidic soils for vegetable farming. -
Key words:
- Heavy metals /
- passivator /
- DTPA /
- vegetable /
- Pb, Cd, and Cr
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图 1 不同钝化剂处理对上海青和夏阳白产量的影响
Figure 1. Effects of soil treatments on yield of Pakchoi and Chinese cabbages
图 2 不同钝化剂处理对上海青和夏阳白土壤pH值影响
Figure 2. Effects of soil treatments on soil pH in Pakchoi or Chinese cabbages growing season
图 3 不同钝化剂对上海青、夏阳白中Pb、Cd 和Cr含量的影响
Figure 3. Effects of soil treatments on Pb/Cd/Cr contents in Pakchoi and Chinese cabbages
表 1 试验农田土壤的基本理化性质
Table 1. Basic physiochemical properties of soil at tested farm
项目 Item pH OM/（g·kg−1） CEC/（cmol·kg−1） 土壤重金属总量Total amount of heavy metals in soil/（mg·kg−1） Cd Pb Cr As Ni 土壤 Soil 5.23 18.2 15.3 1.3 102.0 20.8 23.6 10.7 筛选值* filter value* 5.5 — — 0.3 70 150 40 60 注：*《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准（试行）》（GB 15618—2018）
Note：*Soil Environmental Quality Standard for Soil Pollution Risk Control of Agricultural Land（Trial）（GB 15618—2018）
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表 2 钝化剂的基本信息
Table 2. Basic information on applied soil passivating agents
钝化剂
passivator主要成分
Main ingredients主要原料
main material每667 m2用量
Consumption per 667 m2
/kg特贝钙土壤调理剂（A）
Soil conditioner for Calcium Tebbe（A）CaO＞45% 钙、磷、铁、锌微量元素
Calcium, phosphorus, iron, zinc trace elements牡蛎壳 Oyster shell 150 环保桥土壤调理剂（B）
Green Bridge Soil Conditioner（B）CaO＞34%、SiO2＞5.5% 生石灰、石灰石 海泡石、沸石
Quick lime, limestone, sepiolite, zeolite200 Yonker土壤调理剂（C）
Yonker Soil Conditioner（C）CaO＞40%、MgO＞20%、SiO2＞15% 重质碳酸钙、生石灰、硅酸钙、海泡石
Heavy calcium carbonate, calcium oxide, calcium silicate, sepiolite200 康源土壤调理剂（D）
Kangyuan Soil conditioner（D）CaO＞40%、MgO＞5%、SiO2＞7%、OM＞10% 石灰石、硅酸钙
Limestone, calcium silicate60 海状元土壤调理剂（E）
Sea crown Soil Conditioner（E）CaO＞45%、OM＞20% 牡蛎壳、浒苔
Oyster shells, enteromorpha150 万亩田有机肥（F）
Ten thousand mu organic fertilizer（F）OM＞35%、N+P2O5+K2O＞5% — 300 土壤调理剂（G）
Soil conditioner（G）CaO＞33%、MgO＞5%、SiO2＞28% 白云石、钾长石、石灰石
Dolomite, potassium feldspar, limestone200 OSA土壤重金属钝化剂（H）
OSA soil heavy metal passivator（H）CaO＞46%、MgCO3＞5%、SiO2＞20%、OM＞10% 麦饭石、菱镁矿、钾长石、腐殖酸
Medical stone, magnesite, potassium feldspar, humic acid300 石灰粉（I）
Lime（I）CaO＞85% 生石灰
quicklime300 不施用钝化剂（CK）
No passivator（CK）— — 0
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表 3 不同钝化剂对土壤中DTPA提取态Pb、Cd和Cr的含量的影响
Table 3. Effects of soil treatments on contents of DTPA-extracted Pb, Cd, and Cr in soil
（单位：mg·kg−1) 钝化剂 Passivator 第一季（上海青） the first season（Pakchoi） 第二季（夏阳白） the second season（Chinese cabbage） DTPA-Pb DTPA-Cd DTPA-Cr DTPA-Pb DTPA-Cd DTPA-Cr A 16.7±3.18 a 0.43±0.04 a 0.21±0.00 a 17.4±3.11 a 0.40±0.04 ab 0.20±0.00 c B 15.7±2.21 a 0.35±0.01 abc 0.20±0.01 a 17.0±1.56 a 0.41±0.02 ab 0.22±0.01 bc C 14.6±0.56 a 0.31±0.08 bcd 0.21±0.03 a 15.3±0.50 a 0.46±0.01 a 0.24±0.01 abc D 16.7±3.21 a 0.40±0.01 ab 0.20±0.02 a 16.9±4.24 a 0.40±0.03 ab 0.20±0.02 c E 15.2±0.86 a 0.24±0.06 d 0.22±0.01 a 14.1±0.35 a 0.34±0.07 b 0.21±0.02 c F 14.9±0.50 a 0.32±0.02 bcd 0.18±0.01 a 15.7±0.35 a 0.35±0.00 b 0.23±0.01 abc G 17.5±2.05 a 0.37±0.03 abc 0.21±0.02 a 15.6±1.60 a 0.37±0.03 b 0.27±0.05 ab H 17.7±0.85 a 0.28±0.08 cd 0.17±0.02 a 16.1±1.16 a 0.40±0.03 ab 0.22±0.00 bc I 16.6±2.12 a 0.36±0.02 abc 0.19±0.02 a 16.2±2.86 a 0.37±0.03 b 0.24±0.01 abc CK 15.7±1.49 a 0.35±0.03 abc 0.19±0.05 a 15.8±2.96 a 0.45±0.01 a 0.28±0.01 a
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表 4 上海青中重金属含量和土壤Ph、土壤DTPA提取态含量的相关系数
Table 4. Correlation between heavy metal contents in Pakchoi and pH or DTPA-extractable in soil
指标 index pH DTPA-Pb DTPA-Cd DTPA-Cr Pb Cd Cr pH 1 DTPA-Pb −0.419* 1 DTPA-Cd −0.750** 0.248 1 DTPA-Cr −0.840** 0.380* 0.271 1 Pb −0.243 0.524** 0.252 0.316 1 Cd −0.578** 0.325 0.676** 0.203 −0.120 1 Cr −0.501** 0.178 0.461* 0.602** −0.034 0.207 1 注：* 表示显著相关（P＜0.05）；** 表示极显著相关（P＜0.01）；Pb、Cd和Cr为上海青中的含量。
Note：* indicates significant correlation（P＜0.05）, ** indicates a significant correlation（P＜0.01）; Pb, Cd and Cr are the contents of Pakchoi
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表 5 夏阳白中重金属含量和土壤Ph、土壤DTPA提取态含量的相关系数
Table 5. Correlation between heavy metal contents in Chinese cabbages and pH or DTPA-extractable in soil
指标 index pH DTPA-Pb DTPA-Cd DTPA-Cr Pb Cd Cr PH 1 DTPA-Pb −0.447* 1 DTPA-Cd −0.684** 0.279 1 DTPA-Cr −0.738** 0.220 0.357 1 Pb −0.330 0.419* 0.154 0.394* Cd −0.410* 0.315 0.511** 0.351 0.251 1 Cr −0.605** 0.138 0.453* 0.748** 0.035 0.254 1 注：* 表示显著相关（P＜0.05）；** 表示极显著相关（P＜0.01）；Pb、Cd和Cr为夏阳白地上部中的含量。
Note：* indicates significant correlation（P＜0.05）, ** indicates a significant correlation（P＜0.01）; Pb Cd and Cr are the contents of Chinese cabbage
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