Effects of Heavy Metal Pollution in Soil on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Two Major Oil Crops
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摘要:
目的 探究2种主要油料作物芝麻(Sesamum indicum)、向日葵(Helianthus annuus)在铅（Pb2+）、镉（Cd2+）、铬（Cr6+）、铜（Cu2+）污染农田综合利用上的可能性。 方法 以2种油料作物主栽品种为试验材料，采用水培法研究 Pb2+（0.0、5.0、10.0、20.0、50.0、80.0 mg·L−1）、Cd2+（0.0、0.5、1.0、5.0、10.0、20.0 mg·L−1）、Cr6+（0.0、3.0、5.0、8.0、12.0、14.0 mg·L−1）、Cu2+（0.0、50.0、100.0、150.0、300.0、600.0 mg·L−1）对油料作物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。 结果 对2种作油料物种子萌发率的影响：2种油料作物的种子萌发率均随着Pb2+、Cd2+、Cr6+、Cu2+浓度的升高而降低，各处理芝麻种子的萌发率均极显著高于向日葵（P＜0.01）。低浓度的4种重金属污染物对2种油料作物的发育与形态建成无明显影响，高质量浓度处理Pb2+（20.0 ～ 80.0 mg·L−1）、Cd2+ （5.0 ～ 20.0 mg·L−1）、Cr6+（5.0 ～14.0 mg·L−1）、Cu2+ （150.0 ～ 600.0 mg·L−1）时2种油料作物无法形成正常的根或芽。对2种油料作物幼苗根生长的影响：Pb2+胁迫（5.0～10.0 mg·L−1）、Cd2+胁迫（0.5～20.0 mg·L−1）、Cu2+胁迫（50～300.0 mg·L−1）、Cr6+胁迫（8.0～12.0mg·L−1）对芝麻根生长的抑制作用极显著大于向日葵（P＜0.01），而Pb2+胁迫（20.0～80.0 mg·L−1）、Cr6+胁迫（14.0 mg·L−1）与上述作用相反。对2种油料作物种子芽生长的影响：Pb2+胁迫（10.0～80.0 mg·L−1）、Cd2+胁迫（5 mg·L−1）、Cu2+胁迫（50～100.0 mg·L−1和600.0 mg·L−1）、Cr6+胁迫（3.0～8.0 mg·L−1和14.0 mg·L−1）对向日葵种子芽生长的抑制作用大于芝麻，Cd2+胁迫（0.5～1.0 mg·L−1和10.0～20.0 mg·L−1）与上述作用相反。 结论 农田铅（Pb2+）、镉（Cd2+）、铬（Cr6+）、铜（Cu2+）污染对芝麻种子萌发率的影响极显著小于向日葵。综合4种重金属污染下根、芽生长状况，芝麻相对于向日葵对Pb2+（20.0～80.0 mg·L−1）、Cr6+（14.0 mg·L−1）的耐受性更强；向日葵相对于芝麻对Cd2+ （0.5～1.0 mg·L−1和10.0～20.0 mg·L−1）的耐受性更强。 Abstract:Objective Possibility of growing sesame(Sesamum indicum) and sunflower(Helianthus annuus) crops on the soil polluted by Pb2+, Cd2+, Cr6+, and/or Cu2+ was explored in a hydroponic experimentation in laboratory with the respects of seed germination and seedling growth of the plants. Method Seeds of sesame and sunflower cultivars were planted in hydroponics to examine the effects of heavy metals, Pb2+ (at 0, 5.0, 10.0, 20.0, 50.0, and 80.0 mg·L−1), Cd2+ (at 0, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0, and 20.0 mg·L−1), Cr6+ (at 0, 3.0, 5.0, 8.0, 12.0, and 14.0 mg·L−1) and Cu2+ (at 0, 50.0, 100.0, 150.0, 300.0, and 600.0 mg·L−1) on the germination and seedling growth. Result The artificially added heavy metals in the medium decreased the seed germination rates (GR) of both cultivars as the Pb2+, Cd2+, Cr6+, and Cu2+ concentrations increased. The effect was significantly higher on the sesame seeds than the sunflower seeds (P＜0.01). At lower levels of the heavy metal concentrations, the development and morphogenesis of either seeds were significantly affected. However, as the pollutants were increased in the medium (i.e., Pb2+＞80.0 mg·L−1, Cd2+＞20.0 mg·L−1, Cr6+＞14.0 mg·L−1, and Cu2+＞600.0 mg·L−1), normal root or bud formation was inhibited on both cultivars. For the growth of the seedlings, the heavy metals exerted greater reductions with Pb2+ at 5.0-10.0 mg·L−1, Cd2+ at 0.5-20.0 mg·L−1, Cu2+ at 50-300.0 mg·L−1, and Cr6+ at 8.0-12.0 mg·L−1 on the root length of sesame than sunflower plants (P＜0.01), but at 20.0-80.0 mg·L−1 of Pb2+ or 14.0 mg·L−1 of Cr6, the opposite was observed. For the growth of seedling shoots, Pb2+ at 10.0-80.0 mg·L−1, Cd2+ at 5.0 mg·L−1, Cu2+ at 50.0-100.0 mg·L−1 and 600.0 mg·L−1 or Cr6+ at 3.0-8.0 mg·L−1 and 14.0 mg·L−1 inhibited it on sunflower more than on sesame, while the opposite was found with Cd2+ at 0.5-1.0 mg·L−1 or 10.0-20.0 mg·L−1. Conclusion Heavy metals, Pb2+, Cd2+, Cr6+, and/or Cu2+, in a hydroponic medium induced greater germination inhibition effect on the sunflower than the sesame seeds. The growth of roots and buds of sesame seedlings appeared more tolerant to Pb2+ at 20.0-80.0 mg·L−1, Cr6+ at 14.0 mg·L−1, and Cu2+ at 150.0-300.0 mg·L−1 than that of the sunflower counterparts, while the sunflower seedlings were more tolerant to Cd2+ at 0.5-1.0 mg·L−1 and 10.0-20.0 mg·L−1. -
Key words:
- Oil crop /
- heavy metal pollution in soil /
- germination rate /
- seedling growth
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图 1 不同处理对芝麻、向日葵种子萌发率的影响
注：图中**表示2种作物种子萌发率存在极显著差异（P＜0.01）。
Figure 1. GRs of sesame and sunflower seeds under treatments
Note: ** in the figure indicated that there had a very significant difference in seed germination between two types of seed.
图 2 不同处理芝麻、向日葵幼苗生长状况
A. Pb2+ 浓度从左至右依次为0、5、10、20、50、80 mg·L−1；B. Cd2+ 浓度从左至右依次为0、0.5、1.0、5.0、10.0、20.0 mg·L−1；C. Cr6+ 浓度从左至右依次为0、3、5、8、12、14 mg·L−1；D. Cu2+ 浓度从左至右依次为0、50、100、150、300、600 mg·L−1
Figure 2. Growth of sesame and sunflower seedlings under treatments
A. The concentration of Pb2+ was 0, 5, 10, 20, 50, 80 mg·L−1 from left to right; B. The concentration of Cd2+ was 0, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0, 20.0 mg·L−1 from left to righ; C. The concentration of Cr6+ was 0, 3, 5, 8, 12, 14 mg·L−1 from left to right; D. The concentration of Cr6+ was 0, 3, 5, 8, 12, 14 mg·L−1 from left to right
图 3 不同处理对芝麻和向日葵幼苗根长的影响
注：图中*和**分别表示2种作物根长抑制率存在显著（P＜0.05）和极显著差异（P＜0.01）。
Figure 3. Root lengths of sesame and sunflower seedlings under treatments
Note: * and ** in the figure represented significant and very significant difference in inhibition rate of root length between two crops, respectively.
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