澳洲茶树不同部位精油含量及成分比较分析

肖玉菲; 覃子海; 张烨; 张晓宁; 陈博雯; 梁忠云; 覃玉凤; 晏巢; 刘海龙

doi:10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2020.09.006

澳洲茶树不同部位精油含量及成分比较分析

doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2020.09.006

1.
广西壮族自治区林业科学研究院，广西南宁　530002
2.
中国林业科学研究院亚热带林业实验中心，江西分宜　336600

基金项目: 广西科技计划项目（桂科AD18281083、AB18221058）；广西林业科研与推广项目（gl2018kt09）；广西林科院基本科研业务费专项（林科201812号）

详细信息

作者简介:
肖玉菲（1989−），女，硕士，工程师，主要从事林业生物技术方面的研究（E-mail：xiaoyufei33@163.com）

通讯作者:
刘海龙（1980−），男，博士，高级工程师，主要从事植物生物技术方面的研究（E-mail：50669291@qq.com）

中图分类号: R 282
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2020-02-21
- 修回日期: 2020-04-12
- 刊出日期: 2020-09-28

Essential Oils in Parts of Melaleuca alternifolia Plant

1.
Guangxi Forestry Research Institute Nanning, Guangxi　530002, China
2.
Experimental Center for Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fenyi, Jiangxi　336600, China

摘要

摘要: 目的比较分析澳洲茶树4个不同部位（嫩叶、老叶、枝条和茎干）精油的化学成分及含量，同时提取其中的代表性化学成分，为澳洲茶树精油组分简化分析和进一步开发利用提供数据支撑和理论指导。方法精油化学成分及含量的测定采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术，代表性化学成分提取采用主成分分析法（PCA）。结果本研究澳洲茶树属于4-松油醇型。不同部位化学成分和含量差异显著，尤其表现在茎干与其他3个部位之间，其得油率、4-松油醇和1,8桉叶素含量与其他3个部位差异显著，主成分分析表明β-水芹烯、白千层烯、白千层醇、香橙烯、对花伞烃、γ-松油烯、4-松油醇、α-侧柏烯、α-蒎烯、蓝桉醇、α-松油醇、1,8-桉叶素、柠檬烯等13种化学成分是澳洲茶树精油的代表性成分。结论为提高得油率和精油品质，应选择嫩叶、老叶和枝条作为原材料进行提油，在进行澳洲茶树精油成分含量差异分析时，为简化分析内容，可选取这13种化学成分作为代表性特征化学成分，基本可以代表精油化学成分的信息。
- 澳洲茶树 /
- 精油 /
- 主成分分析 /
- 化学成分
Abstract: Objective Essential oils in various tissues of Melaleuca alternifolia were analyzed for data organization and utilization of the plants. Method GC-MS was employed to determine the essential oil compositions in the young shoots, old leaves, branches, and stems of the terpinen-4-ol-type M. alternifolia plants for a principal component analysis. Result The essential oils in different parts of the plant differed significantly. In particular, the contents of terpinen-4-ol and1,8-cineole in the stems were significantly different from those in the other parts. The principal component analysis showed that β-phellanderene, viridiflorene, viridiflorol, aromadendrene, p-cymene, γ-terpinene, terpinen-4-ol, α-thujene, α-pinene, globulol, α-terpineol, 1,8-cineole, and limonene basically characterized the essential oils in M. alternifolia. Conclusion To maximize the yield and quality of the essential oil extraction, stems ought not to be used as the raw material for the production. To determine the essential oil content of M. alternifolia, only the 13 abovementioned compounds were necessary to simplify the analysis.
- Melaleuca alternifolia /
- essential oil /
- principal component analysis /
- chemical composition

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图 1 澳洲茶树不同部位得油率

注：不同小写字母表示差异显著（P＜0.05）。

Figure 1. Yield of essential oils from various parts of M. alternifolia plant

Note: Different letters indicate significant differences at P＜0.05.

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图 2 20种化学成分的主成分散点图

注：TL：4-松油醇；TER：γ-松油烯；TEP：α-松油烯；TE：异松油烯；SA：桧烯；TEL：α-松油醇；CE：δ-杜松烯；PIN：α-蒎烯；VE：白千层烯；AR：香橙烯；CI：1,8-桉叶素；TH：α-侧柏烯；GL：蓝桉醇；MY：β-月桂烯；PH：β-水芹烯；PI：β-蒎烯；LI：柠檬烯；PHE：α-水芹烯；PC：对伞花烃；VL：白千层醇。

Figure 2. PCA biplot for 20 chemical components in essential oil of M. alternifolia plant

Note: TL: terpinen-4-ol; TER:γ-terpinene; TEP:α-terpinene; TE: terpinolene; SA: sabinene; TEL: α-terpineol; CE:δ-cadinene; PIN: α-pinene; VE: viridiflorene; AR: aromadendrene; CI: 1,8-cineole; TH: α-thujene; GL: globulol MY: β-myrcene; PH:β-phellanderene; PI: β-pinene; LI: limonene; PHE: α-phellanderene; PC: p-cymene; VL: viridiflorol.

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表 1 澳洲茶树不同部位的精油化学成分及含量

Table 1. Essential oils from various parts of M. alternifolia plant

精油化学成分 chemical composition of essential oil	精油含量 content of essential oil/%
精油化学成分 chemical composition of essential oil	嫩叶 young leaves	老叶 old leaves	枝条 branches	茎干 stems
4-松油醇 terpinen-4-ol	33.71±0.74 b	40.13±1.16 a	31.28±0.86 c	15.59±1.15 d
γ-松油烯γ-terpinene	18.02±0.47 b	20.02±0.73 a	10.56±0.78 c	1.09±0.14 d
α-松油烯 α-terpinene	10.61±0.51 a	9.11±1.53 b	10.76±1.03 a	8.56±0.89 b
异松油烯 terpinolene	3.01±0.32 a	2.65±0.31 b	0.12±0.02 c	2.59±0.35 b
桧烯 sabinene	3.12±0.20 a	0.15±0.03 d	2.16±0.08 c	2.77±0.02 b
α-松油醇 α-terpineol	2.62±0.11 b	2.71±0.24 b	2.46±0.59 b	4.17±0.46 a
δ-杜松烯 δ-cadinene	2.11±0.15 a	0.45±0.03 d	1.52±0.16 b	1.37±0.03 c
α-蒎烯 α-pinene	1.99±0.04 b	2.22±0.20 b	1.02±0.06 c	3.45±0.52 a
白千层烯 viridiflorene	1.05±0.19 b	0.69±0.02 c	1.76±0.10 a	1.85±0.13 a
香橙烯 aromadendrene	1.21±0.01 b	0.45±0.03 d	1.14±0.08 c	1.32±0.03 a
1,8-桉叶素 1,8-cineole	1.07±0.04 b	1.04±0.04 b	1.06±0.08 b	1.36±0.09 a
α-侧柏烯 α-thujene	0.86±0.03 d	2.49±0.03 a	1.13±0.06 c	2.34±0.05 b
蓝桉醇 globulol	0.85±0.01 c	2.00±0.08 a	1.13±0.07 b	1.96±0.10 a
β-月桂烯 β-myrcene	0.78±0.02 c	0.80±0.02 c	1.74±0.02 a	0.91±0.05 b
β-水芹烯 β-phellanderene	0.78±0.01 c	0.44±0.03 d	1.10±0.08 b	1.40±0.07 a
β-蒎烯 β-pinene	0.51±0.09 a	0.45±0.03 b	0.48±0.06 ab	0.45±0.01 b
柠檬烯 limonene	0.60±0.01 c	0.70±0.01 b	1.48±0.02 a	0.56±0.07 d
α-水芹烯 α-phellanderene	0.40±0.02 a	0.25±0.00 c	0.41±0.06 a	0.38±0.04 a
对伞花烃 p-cymene	0.37±0.03 b	0.72±0.11 b	3.25±0.60 a	3.52±0.96 a
白千层醇 viridiflorol	0.35±0.03 b	0.16±0.07 b	1.45±0.10 a	1.52±0.46 a
胡萝卜醇（+）-Carotol	0.18±0.01 a	0.00±0.02 c	0.18±0.01 a	0.15±0.01 b
喇叭茶醇 Ledol	0.17±0.00 b	0.00±0.00 c	1.00±0.01 a	0.00±0.00 c
α-荜澄茄油萜 α-Cubebene	0.14±0.00 b	0.00±0.02 d	0.08±0.03 c	0.24±0.02 a
驱蛔素 Ascaridole	0.00±0.00 c	0.11±0.01 b	0.00±0.00 c	0.63±0.02 a
喇叭烯（+）-Ledene	0.00±0.00 c	1.37±0.14 b	1.30±0.06 b	4.06±0.14 a
榄香素 Elemicin	0.00±0.00 c	0.12±0.04 b	0.31±0.03 a	0.00±0.00 c
注：同行数值后不同小写字母表示差异显著（P＜0.05）。 Note: Data with different lowercase letters indicate significant difference at P＜0.05.

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表 2 主成分的特征值及其贡献率

Table 2. Eigenvalues, contribution, and cumulative contribution of principal components

主成分 Principal component	初始特征值 Initial Eigenvalues			提取的主成分 The extracted principal component
主成分 Principal component	合计 Total	方差的贡献率 The contributionrate of variance/%	累积贡献率% Cumulative contribution rate/%	合计 Total	方差的贡献率 The contributionrate of variance/%	累积贡献率 Cumulative contribution rate/%
1	8.30	41.49	41.49	8.30	41.49	41.49
2	6.12	30.61	72.11	6.12	30.61	72.11
3	3.37	16.85	88.96	3.37	16.85	88.96
4	1.03	5.13	94.09	1.03	5.13	94.09
5	0.53	2.63	96.71
6	0.28	1.39	98.10
7	0.15	0.77	98.87
8	0.06	0.32	99.19
9	0.04	0.22	99.42
10	0.04	0.19	99.61
11	0.02	0.10	99.70
12	0.02	0.09	99.79
13	0.01	0.07	99.86
14	0.01	0.04	99.91
15	0.01	0.03	99.94
16	0.00	0.02	99.96
17	0.00	0.01	99.97
18	0.00	0.01	99.99
19	0.00	0.01	99.99
20	0.00	0.01	100.00

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表 3 主成分载荷矩阵

Table 3. Loading matrix of principal components

精油化学成分 chemical composition of essential oil	成分 Component
精油化学成分 chemical composition of essential oil	1	2	3	4
4-松油醇 terpinen-4-ol	−0.89	−0.40	−0.10	−0.04
γ-松油烯 γ-terpinene	−0.91	−0.32	0.16	−0.10
α-松油烯 α-terpinene	0.02	−0.67	0.10	−0.52
异松油烯 terpinolene	−0.31	0.62	0.69	0.02
桧烯 sabinene	0.73	−0.28	0.62	−0.02
α-松油醇 α-terpineol	0.58	0.73	0.10	−0.22
δ-杜松烯 δ-cadinene	0.50	−0.54	0.66	−0.08
α-蒎烯 α-pinene	0.29	0.89	0.28	−0.01
白千层烯 viridiflorene	0.96	−0.08	−0.22	−0.01
香橙烯 aromadendrene	0.88	−0.21	0.42	−0.06
1,8-桉叶素 1,8-cineole	0.72	0.62	0.11	−0.11
α-侧柏烯 α-thujene	−0.15	0.90	−0.39	0.07
蓝桉醇 globulol	−0.08	0.88	−0.44	0.09
β-月桂烯 β-myrcene	0.41	−0.65	−0.63	−0.01
β-水芹烯 β-phellanderene	0.99	0.09	−0.03	−0.02
β-蒎烯 β-pinene	0.01	−0.39	0.31	0.78
柠檬烯 limonene	0.20	−0.72	−0.66	−0.02
α-水芹烯 α-phellanderene	0.69	−0.51	0.26	0.18
对伞花烃 p-cymene	0.83	0.07	−0.49	0.12
白千层醇 viridiflorol	0.91	−0.02	−0.35	0.04

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