Growth, Development, and Fruit Quality and Yield of Varieties of Pear under Rain-shelter Cultivation
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摘要:
目的 增强南方湿热梨产区避雨栽培推广应用的针对性。 方法 以露地栽培为对照，采取定树跟踪调查方法，探讨了避雨栽培条件下，不同类型梨品种的生长发育及产量与果实品质变化趋势。 结果 与露地栽培相比，避雨栽培果实发育期与营养生长期延长、花序与花朵坐果率提高、枝叶生长弱化、果实外观改善及果实硬度降低、总糖含量增加、总酸含量减少趋势明显。易发生早期落叶的3个早熟品种的花芽比例、百花芽重、单株产量、单果质量显著或极显著增加；可溶性固形物含量除新玉无差异外，翠玉、翠冠显著提高。不易发生早期落叶的2个中熟品种花芽比例、百花芽重、单果质量显著或极显著降低或减少；单株产量晚翠无差异，黄花降低22.42%；可溶性固形物含量晚翠无差异，黄花显著降低。3个绿皮梨品种感锈程度减轻，其中翠玉感锈果率、感锈面比、花脸果率均极显著降低；翠冠、晚翠感锈果率无差异，感锈面比极显著降低，花脸果率则极显著增加。 结论 易发生早期落叶、果实抗锈的早熟品种适宜采用常年覆膜避雨栽培；易发生早期落叶、果实感锈早熟品种采用常年覆膜避雨栽培时，应配之果实套袋措施；不易发生早期落叶的中熟品种应以露地栽培为宜，若采用避雨栽培应选择生长发育中前期覆膜、采果后揭膜的阶段性避雨栽培模式。 Abstract:Objective Application of rain-shelter for pear cultivation in southern hot and humid regions was evaluated according to the growth, development, and fruit quality and yield of the selected varieties. Method Indicators on shoots, leaves, flower buds, phenology, fruit quality, and fruit yields of different types of pear varieties were monitored with individual tree tracking to compare the effects of rain-shelter and open-field cultivations. Result Compared with open field cultivation, rain-sheltering prolonged the fruit development and vegetative periods, increased the fruit forming percentage of inflorescence and individual flower, weakened the growth of shoots and leaves, improved the fruit appeal, and lowered the firmness and acidity but increased the total sugar content of the fruits. Grown under rain-shelter, the 3 early maturing pear varieties that were susceptible to early defoliation significantly or extremely significantly increased on their flower-to-bud ratio, weight of 100 flower buds, yield per plant, and weight of single fruit; while Cuiyu and Cuiguan, among them, significantly increased in soluble solids. The two mid-season maturing varieties that were less prone to early defoliation decreased significantly or extremely significantly on their flower-to-bud ratio, weight of 100 flower buds, and single fruit weight; while Huanghua showed a 22.42% decrease on yield per plant and a significant reduction on soluble solids. For the 3 green pear varieties, rain-sheltering helped them to become less susceptible to fruit rust, as Cuiyu turned out to be extremely significantly reduced on the appearances of rust-infected fruits, rusty peels, and spotty fruits. Conclusion The early maturing, early defoliation-susceptible varieties of pear that are resistant to rust could be candidates for the perennial film-covering rain-shelter cultivation. Whereas, fruit bagging would be necessary on the rust-sensitive, early maturing varieties to avoid early defoliation under rain-shelter cultivation. For the mid-season maturing varieties that are not prone to early defoliation, open field cultivation would be more appropriate. If rain-sheltering was applied to these mid-season maturing varieties, they should be covered with film only in the early and middle stage of growth and development, and the film should be removed following fruit harvesting. -
Key words:
- pear /
- rain-shelter cultivation /
- growth and development /
- yield /
- quality
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表 1 梨避雨栽培与露地栽培枝叶生长差异分析
Table 1. Growth of leaves and shoots of pear plants under rain-shelter or open field cultivation
品种
Variety处理
Treatment叶片生长指标 Leaf growth index 骨干枝延长枝生长指标 Elongated shoot growth index 单叶面积
Single leaf area/cm2单叶厚
Single leaf thickness/mmSPAD值
SPAD value早期落叶率
Rate of early-defoliation/%长度
Length/cm粗度
Diameter/cm节间长度
Internode length/cm翠玉 Cuiyu 避雨 Rain-shelter 78.68 aA 0.235 bB 57.45 bA 0.00 bB 80.88 aA 1.17 bB 4.54 aA 露地 Open field 72.87 bB 0.262 aA 60.91 aA 45.51 aA 74.61 bA 1.32 aA 4.17 bB 新玉 Xinyu 避雨 Rain-shelter 61.09 aA 0.205 bB 55.62 bA 0.00 bB 95.74 aA 1.30 bA 4.41 aA 露地 Open field 56.88 bB 0.232 aA 58.79 aA 83.82 aA 83.25 bB 1.37 aA 4.14 bA 翠冠 Cuiguan 避雨 Rain-shelter 77.64 aA 0.228 bB 54.59 bA 0.00 bB 104.56 aA 1.25 bA 4.60 aA 露地 Open field 72.34 bA 0.258 aA 57.90 aA 72.41 aA 94.35 bB 1.42 aA 4.38 bA 晚翠 Wancui 避雨 Rain-shelter 103.62 aA 0.277 bB 56.17 bA 0.00 98.31 aA 1.37 bB 5.45 aA 露地 Open field 96.14 bA 0.306 aA 59.44 aA 0.00 90.20 bB 1.54 aA 5.07 bB 黄花 Huanghua 避雨 Rain-shelter 81.52 aA 0.238 bB 54.39 bB 0.00 110.64 aA 1.34 bB 4.68 aA 露地 Open field 73.68 bB 0.278 aA 59.43 aA 0.00 95.95 bB 1.54 aA 4.35 bA 注：表中相关指标数据为2017—2019年连续3年加权平均值；不同大小写字母分别表示同一品种的不同处理在0.01和0.05水平差异极显著或显著；表2～5同。
Note: All indices are weighted averages from 2017 to 2019. Data with different uppercase letters represent extremely significant difference at 0.01 level, and lowercase letters significant difference at 0.05 level, of one variety under different treatments. Same for Tables 2-5.
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表 2 梨避雨栽培与露地栽培花芽发育差异分析
Table 2. Development of flower buds of pear plants under rain-shelter or open field cultivation
品种
Variety处理
Treatment花芽比例
Flower bud ratio/%百花芽重
Weight of 100 flower buds/g二次萌动率
Rate of second germination buds/%花序坐果率
Fruit setting rate of inflorescence/%花朵坐果率
Fruit setting rate of single flower/%翠玉 Cuiyu 避雨 Rain-shelter 71.34 aA 16.45 aA 24.29 bB 67.14 aA 38.58 aA 露地 Open field 45.63 bB 13.21 bB 61.37 aA 42.26 bB 22.52 bB 新玉 Xinyu 避雨 Rain-shelter 42.68 aA 10.52 aA 0.00 bB 76.74 aA 56.31 aA 露地 Open field 25.89 bB 8.94 bB 76.44 aA 52.50 bB 32.14 bB 翠冠 Cuiguan 避雨 Rain-shelter 49.29 aA 12.20 aA 0.00 bB 66.38 aA 45.02 aA 露地 Open field 31.65 bB 9.45 bB 65.25 aA 43.57 bB 25.11 bB 晚翠 Wancui 避雨 Rain-shelter 27.32 bA 14.14 bA 0.00 54.22 aA 33.18 aA 露地 Open field 35.48 aA 15.55 aA 0.00 40.38 bB 22.74 bB 黄花 Huanghua 避雨 Rain-shelter 39.85 bB 11.06 bA 0.00 43.66 aA 30.18 aA 露地 Open field 48.30 aA 12.80 aA 0.00 33.07 bB 18.95 bB
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表 3 梨避雨栽培与露地栽培物候期差异分析
Table 3. Phenology of pear plants under rain-shelter or open field cultivation
品种
Variety处理
Treatment花芽萌动期
Date of flower bud sprouting/（M/D）盛花期
Date of bloom/（M/D）果实成熟期
Date of maturite/（M/D）果实发育期
Days of fruit development/d大量落叶期
Date of defoliation/（M/D）营养生长期
Days of vegetative growth/d翠玉 Cuiyu 避雨 Rain-shelter 2/23～2/25 3/20～3/23 7/7～7/9 109～111 11/29～12/5 280～286 露地 Open field 2/26～2/28 3/23～3/26 7/2～7/4 101～103 11/4～11/8 252～256 新玉 Xinyu 避雨 Rain-shelter 2/23～2/25 3/20～3/23 7/10～7/11 112～110 11/29～12/5 280～286 露地 Open field 2/26～2/28 3/23～3/26 7/6～7/8 105～107 11/3～11/5 251-253 翠冠 Cuiguan 避雨 Rain-shelter 2/21～2/24 3/15～3/18 7/10～7/12 117～119 11/30～12/6 283-289 露地 Open field 2/24～2/26 3/17～3/20 7/8～7/10 113～115 11/8～11/17 257～264 晚翠 Wancui 避雨 Rain-shelter 2/19～2/21 3/14～3/16 7/28～7/30 136～138 12/5～12/7 289～291 露地 Open field 2/22～2/24 3/16～3/18 7/23～7/25 127～129 11/12～11/15 263～266 黄花 Huanghua 避雨 Rain-shelter 2/20～2/23 3/15～3/19 7/29～7/31 136～138 12/8～12/12 291～295 露地 Open field 2/23～2/25 3/17～3/21 7/25～7/27 130～132 11/15～11/19 269～273
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表 4 梨避雨栽培与露地栽培产量与果实外观品质差异分析
Table 4. Yield and exterior quality of fruits born on pear plants under rain-shelter or open field cultivation
品种
Variety处理
Treatment单株产量
Yield per plant/kg单果重
Weight per fruit/g果形指数
Fruit shape index果点
Fruit dot果面光滑度
Degree of fruit skin smoothness感锈果率
Rate of russet-sensitive fruit/%感锈面比
russet-sensitive surface ratio/%“花脸”果率
Rate of painted-face fruit/%翠玉 Cuiyu 避雨 Rain-shelter 48.96 aA 279.1 aA 0.88 aA 小、不明显
Small and obscure光滑 Smooth 38.65 bB 8.45 bB 38.65 bB 露地 Open field 14.35 bB 251.8 bB 0.84 bA 小、不明显
Small and obscure较光滑 Medium smooth 91.15 aA 29.56 aA 91.15 aA 新玉 Xinyu 避雨 Rain-shelter 49.7 aA 298.5 aA 0.89 aA 较小、不明显
Smaller and obscure光滑 Smooth 0.00 0.00 0.00 露地 Open field 8.73 bB 245.8 bB 0.84 bA 大、明显
Large and conspicuous较粗 Medium rough 0.00 0.00 0.00 翠冠 Cuiguan 避雨 Rain-shelter 51.5 aA 283.3 aA 0.91 aA 小、不明显
Small and obscure光滑 smooth 100.00 aA 68.52 bB 56.73 aA 露地 Open field 12.38 bB 245.8 bB 0.86 bB 小、不明显
Small and obscure较光滑 Medium smooth 100.00 aA 93.33 aA 13.26 bB 晚翠 Wancui 避雨 Rain-shelter 64.03 aA 392.6 bB 0.88 aA 较小、不明显
Smaller and obscure光滑 Smooth 100.00 aA 48.54 bB 87.65 aA 露地 Open field 60.18 aA 432.8 aA 0.83 bA 较大、明显
larger and conspicuous较粗 Medium rough 100.00 aA 89.39 aA 23.72 bB 黄花 Huanghua 避雨 Rain-shelter 45.05 bB 276.8 bB 0.92 aA 较小、不明显
Smaller and obscure光滑 Smooth 0.00 0.00 0.00 露地 Open field 58.07 aA 309.5 aA 0.85 bB 较大、明显
larger and conspicuous较粗 Medium rough 0.00 0.00 0.00
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表 5 梨避雨栽培与露地栽培果实内在品质差异分析
Table 5. Interior quality of fruits born on pear plants under rain-shelter or open field cultivation
品种M
Variety处理
Treatment硬度
Firmness/（kg·cm−2）总糖
Total soluble sugar content/（mg·g−1）总酸
total titratable acidity/（mg·g−1）可溶性固形物
Total soluble solids content/%固酸比
Total soluble solids/ titratable acidity翠玉 Cuiyu 避雨 Rain-shelter 15.33 bB 92.86 aA 1.72 bB 11.45 aA 66.84 aA 露地 Open field 18.38 aA 91.71 aA 1.89 aA 11.11 bA 58.86 bB 新玉 Xinyu 避雨 Rain-shelter 15.86 bB 95.23 aA 1.47 bA 11.34 aA 77.14 aA 露地 Open field 18.55 aA 91.02 aA 1.53 aA 11.43 aA 74.40 bA 翠冠 Cuiguan 避雨 Rain-shelter 15.86 bA 96.47 aA 1.56 bA 11.49 aA 73.65 aA 露地 Open field 16.94 aA 92.05 bA 1.69 aA 11.04 bB 65.32 bB 晚翠 Wancui 避雨 Rain-shelter 14.10 bB 97.38 aA 1.33 bA 12.09 aA 90.09 aA 露地 Open field 17.01 aA 97.76 aA 1.40 aA 12.35 aA 88.21 bA 黄花 Huanghua 避雨 Rain-shelter 16.47 bB 91.40 bA 2.11 bA 11.67 bB 55.31 aA 露地 Open field 18.73 aA 95.51 aA 2.26 aA 12.05 aA 53.32 bA
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