Effects of Shading on Photosynthesis and Aromatics of Pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius) Plants
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摘要:
目的 研究不同荫蔽度对香露兜光合特性、生长情况及香气成分的影响，为生产上林下复合种植香露兜提供理论依据。 方法 采用人工荫蔽盆栽试验的方法，设置全光照、30%荫蔽度、60%荫蔽度和90%荫蔽度等4种不同荫蔽处理，探究不同荫蔽度处理下香露兜光合参数、生长指标和香气成分对光环境的响应。 结果 荫蔽度为30%和60%时，香露兜净光合速率和气孔导度均显著高于全光照和90%遮荫处理，有利于提高香露兜的光合作用，植株叶片较多。随着荫蔽度的增加，分蘖数显著减少。4种遮荫处理下香露兜共鉴定出27种挥发性物质，2-乙酰-1-吡咯啉、叶绿醇、角鲨烯、丙醇、丙酮醇、3-甲基-2-(5H)-呋喃酮、新植二烯、棕榈酸乙酯、2,3-二氢苯并呋喃和亚油酸乙酯等10种共有香气成分含量差异显著。30%和60%荫蔽处理下香露兜叶片关键特征香气物质2-乙酰-1-吡咯啉和3-甲基-2-(5H)-呋喃酮、2,3-二氢苯并呋喃、亚油酸乙酯和叶绿醇显著高于其他处理，30%荫蔽处理角鲨烯和叶绿醇含量显著高于其他处理，60%荫蔽处理丙酮醇、2-乙酰-1-吡咯啉、3-甲基-2-(5H)-呋喃酮、新植二烯、棕榈酸乙酯和亚油酸乙酯显著高于其他处理。 结论 30%～60%荫蔽度可促进香露兜生长，提高主要香气成分含量，风味品质佳。 Abstract:Objective Effects of shading on photosynthesis, growth, and aromatic composition of Pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius) plants were studied for cultivation improvement. Method In a pot experimentation, pandan plants were grown under either full sun exposure or 30%, 60% or 90% shading. The photosynthesis, growth, and aromatics of the plants were monitored. Result The net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and count of the leaves on plants grown under 30% and 60% shading were significantly higher than those under either full sun exposure or 90% shading. On the other hand, the tiller number decreased significantly with increasing shading. Twenty-seven volatile aromatic compounds were identified regardless the difference in treatment. There were 10 aromatics, including 2-acetyl-1-pyrrolidine phytol, squalene, 1-propanol, acetol, 3-methyl-2-(5H)-furanone, neophytadiene, ethyl palmitate, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran, and ethyl linoleate, commonly present, but differed significantly in relative content when the plants were under the varied shading. For instance, the contents of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, 3-methyl-2-(5H)-furanone, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran, ethyl linoleate, and phytol were significantly higher under 30% and 60% shading, those of squalene and phytol significantly higher under 30% shading, and those of acetol, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, 3-methyl-2-(5H)-furanone, neophytadiene, ethyl palmitate, and ethyl linoleate significantly higher under 60% shading than the other treatments. Conclusion By artificially imposing 30% or 60% shading, pandan plants grew more vigorously generating more fragrant substances in the leaves than exposing naturally to the sun. -
Key words:
- Pandanus amaryllifolius /
- shading /
- photosynthetic characteristics /
- aroma components
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图 1 遮荫处理下香露兜叶片的光合参数
注：图中不同小写字母表示4种遮荫处理间光合参数的差异显著性水平（P＜0.05）。
Figure 1. Photosynthetic indices on leaves of pandan plants grown under varied shading treatments
Note: Data with different lowercase letters indicate significant difference on photosynthetic parameters among treatments at 0.05 level.
图 2 不同荫蔽度下香露兜的叶片数（A）和分蘖数（B）
注：图中不同小写字母表示4种遮荫处间叶片生长状况的差异显著性水平（P＜0.05）。
Figure 2. Number of leaves (A) and tillers (B) on pandan plant grown under varied shading treatments
Note: Data with different lowercase letters indicate significant difference on growth of leaves among treatments at 0.05 level.
图 3 遮荫处理下香露兜叶片香气成分种类数量（A）和含量（B）
注：图中不同小写字母表示4种遮荫处理间同种香气成分化合物种类的差异显著性水平（P＜0.05）；Ⅰ-吡咯类，Ⅱ-醇类，Ⅲ-呋喃类，Ⅳ-酚类，Ⅴ-呋喃酮类，Ⅵ-烃类，Ⅶ-酮类，Ⅷ-酯类.
Figure 3. Categories (A) and contents (B) of volatile compounds in leaves of pandan plant grown under varied shading treatments
Note: Data with different lowercase letters indicate significant difference on same aromatic compound among treatments at 0.05 level; Ⅰ-Pyrroles，Ⅱ-Alcohols，Ⅲ-Furans，Ⅳ-Phenols，Ⅴ-Furanones，Ⅵ-Hydrocarbons，Ⅶ-Ketones，Ⅷ-Esters.
图 4 不同荫蔽度香露兜叶片香气成分PCA分析
注：A.香气成分组成主成分分析；B.香气成分种类主成分分析；代码为香气成分（表1）；黑色圆点表示香露兜27种香气成分，黑色三角表示香露兜8种香气成分种类。
Figure 4. Biplot of principal components analysis showing aromatics in leaves of pandan plants grown under varied shading treatments
Note: A: on aromatic compounds; B: on categories of aromatics; sample codes: for aromatic components (Table 1); black dots: 27 aromatic compounds; black triangles: 8 classes of aromatics in pandan plants.
表 1 遮荫处理下香露兜叶片挥发性香气成分及含量
Table 1. Volatiles in leaves of pandan plant grown under varied shading treatments
化合物种类
classes保留时间
RT保留指数
LRI化合物名称
compounds代码
code遮荫度 The shade degree/% 0 30 60 90 脂类 Esters 9.67 1217 丙酮酸甲酯 methyl pyruvate H1 12.58±0.37 8.23±0.45 ― ― 12.07 1349 L-乳酸乙酯（−）-Ethyl L-lactate H2 31.07±1.04 11.47±0.33 ― 4.88±0.12 14.24 1436 乙醇酸乙酯 Ethyl 2-hydroxyacetate H3 8.36±0.22 2.30±0.09 2.92±0.05 ― 15.21 1474 （S）-缩水甘油乙酸酯
oxiran-2-ylmethyl acetateH4 ― 1.33±0.02 ― ― 29.93 2142 （±）-α-羟基-γ-丁内酯 α-butyrolactone H5 24.76±0.11 19.82±0.25 33.56±0.15 ― 31.65 2251 棕榈酸乙酯 ethyl palmitate H6 21.73±0.19 1.55±0.05 34.44±0.70 14.00±0.27 34.86 2471 油酸乙酯 ethyl oleate H7 ― 5.30±0.06 7.24±0.29 3.32±0.19 35.49 2521 亚油酸乙酯 Ethyl linoleate H8 12.73±0.78 25.71±0.51 37.54±1.62 19.78±0.48 36.59 2591 亚麻酸乙酯 ethyl linolenate H9 22.91±0.96 ― ― ― 醇类 Alcohols 7.62 1036 丙醇 1-propanol B1 4.02±0.04 3.78±0.05 3.77±0.16 4.29±0.15 9.44 1209 异戊醇 isoamyl alcohol B2 2.27±0.08 1.16±0.10 ― ― 20.73 1658 1,2-乙二醇 1,2-ethanediol B3 13.95±0.68 ― ― ― 36.82 2622 叶绿醇 Phytol B4 62.40±1.28 149.23±0.64 124.37±0.59 70.63±0.96 烃类 Hydrocarbons 13.14 1400 正十四烷 tetradecane F1 3.12±0.01 ― ― ― 19.08 1600 正十六烷 hexadecane F2 6.70±1.15 3.13±0.21 ― ― 23.66 1800 十八烷 octadecane F3 ― 1.33±0.01 ― ― 25.99 1922 新植二烯 neophytadiene F4 16.05±0.21 26.36±0.26 54.67±0.87 36.66±0.18 39.85 2865 角鲨烯 Squalene F5 609.38±4.09 784.72±6.87 413.47±17.74 41.64±1.5 酮类 Ketones 10.83 1284 3-羟基-2-丁酮 acetoin G1 9.38±0.51 5.11±0.03 9.02±0.18 ― 11.23 1303 丙酮醇 acetol G2 95.15±5.99 87.36±0.51 155.76±0.9 20.01±0.19 20.80 1668 1,2-环己二酮 Cyclohexan-1,2-dion G3 ― ― 4.37±0.09 ― 24.25 1830 甲基环戊烯醇酮 cyclotene G4 ― ― 3.21±0.64 ― 25.49 1894 3-甲基环戊烷-1,2-二酮
3-ethyl-1,2-cyclopentanedioneG5 ― ― 3.16±0.06 ― 吡咯类 Pyrroles 11.79 1330 2-乙酰基-1-吡咯啉 2-acetyl-1-pyrrolidine A1 5.41±0.08 11.76±0.21 13.88±1.64 4.48±0.14 酚类 Phenols 32.62 2318 2,4-二叔丁基苯酚 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol C1 12.97±0.12 15.16±0.43 ― ― 呋喃 Furans 33.66 2389 2,3-二氢苯并呋喃 coumaran D1 61.94±5.80 86.00±7.22 94.92±14.73 19.82±1.13 呋喃酮 Furanone 21.64 1713 3-甲基-2-（5H）-呋喃酮
3-methyl-2（5H）-furanoneE1 32.04±0.44 43.92±1.03 55.46±0.17 16.27±0.11 注：“―”表示未检测到该物质；数据后不同小写字母表示4种遮荫处理间香气成分含量的差异显著性水平（P＜0.05）。
Note: “―” indicates substance not detected; data with different lowercase letters indicate significant difference on aromatic contents among treatments at 0.05 level.
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