Recommended NPK and Organic Fertilizer Applications for Peanut Farming in Fujian
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摘要:
目的 为提高花生施肥效益,实现减量增效的目标,在花生氮磷钾施肥限量标准研究基础上,探讨有机肥替代化肥的最佳施肥模式。 方法 根据近年来在福建花生主产区开展的105个田间肥效试验结果,应用系统聚类分析结合类别间差异显著性检验技术,确定花生最佳施肥类别数;构建各施肥类别的三元非结构肥效模型,确定推荐施肥量,并开展田间试验验证和有机肥替代化肥潜力的研究。 结果 在各施肥类别间的氮磷钾施肥效应具有显著水平差异条件下,福建花生可划分为高产田、中产田、中低产田和低产田等4个施肥类别;高产田的花生施肥效应远高于其他类型田块,中产田及以下的耕地类型应进行土壤改良培肥,才能充分发挥施肥增产潜力。针对各耕地施肥类别对应的氮磷钾田间肥效试验结果构建的4个三元非结构肥效模型均属于典型式,由此建立了基于农学效应的花生氮磷钾推荐施肥量。34个大田对比试验表明,化肥推荐施肥的花生产量平均比习惯施肥增产10.2%,肥料成本下降63元·hm−2,净增收2 877元·hm−2;平均氮、磷减肥幅度分别为24.9%、38.1%,但增加钾肥用量79.3%。有机肥替代25%化肥处理的产量最高,平均比化肥推荐施肥增产10.6%,净增收1 595元·hm−2。 结论 在推荐施肥基础上,有机肥替代25%化肥是花生减肥增效最佳施肥模式。 Abstract:Objective Derived from fertilization models, utilization of organic fertilizers to partially replace NPK for peanut farming in Fujian was investigated. Method In the major peanut producing areas in Fujian, 105 field experiments were conducted in recent years to examine the response of peanut plants to NPK fertilization. Applying the systematic cluster analysis combined with significant test of difference, various fertilization categories for the planting fields were established. A ternary non-structural fertilizer response model was constructed to arrive at recommend fertilizations for each category. Based on the models, field experiments were carried out to test replacement of NPK with an organic fertilizer. Result According to the significant differences on effectiveness of NPK fertilizations, 4 categories of peanut fields were generated as (1) high yield paddy, (2) medium yield paddy, (3) medium-to-low yield field, and (4) low yield field. To maximize the fertilization effect and peanut yield for the fields, 4 optimized models were formulated to obtain the recommended NPK applications. In 34 controlled field experiments, on average, a 10.2% yield increase over the conventional practice was realized by following the recommendation of the models. Meanwhile, although the usage of N decreased 24.9% and of P 38.1%, that of K increased 79.3%. Financially, the cost on fertilizer was reduced to 63 yuan·hm−2 and the net revenue increased to 2 877 yuan·hm−2. Furthermore, by replacing 25% of NPK with a commercial organic fertilizer resulted in the highest peanut yield among all treatments. The substitution increased peanut yield by 10.6% and revenue by 1 595 yuan·hm−2over the recommended NPK application. Conclusion It appeared that a 25% replacement of NPK with the organic fertilizer based on the recommended fertilization could be most profitable for the peanut farming in Fujian. -
Key words:
- Peanut /
- fertilization category /
- fertilizer /
- organic fertilizer /
- recommended fertilization /
- fertilization model
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表 1 福建省花生氮磷钾田间肥效试验的供试土壤主要理化性状及其处理(6)施肥量
Table 1. Major physiochemical properties of soils at test fields and NPK applications for Treatment 6
地点
Site试验点
No. of trialspH值
pH value有机质
Organic Matter/
(g·kg−1)碱解氮
Alkaline hydrolytic nitrogen/
(mg·kg−1)有效磷
Olsen-P/
(mg·kg−1)速效钾
Available potassium/
(mg·kg−1)处理(6)施肥量
Application rate of Treatment 6/(kg·hm−2)N P2O5 K2O 福州 Fuzhou 9 7.2±0.6 13.90±4.61 97.5±29.9 25.4±10.3 52.9±24.8 95±38 59±2 104±25 莆田 Putian 46 4.4±2.3 22.55±6.83 133.6±41.9 25.4±16.2 48.8±28.4 110±10 72±9 132±12 泉州 Quanzhou 33 5.7±0.7 13.80±0.53 90.8±32.6 42.5±25.1 75.6±38.2 76±4 60±0 93±11 龙岩 Longyan 17 5.6±0.5 27.2±6.80 128.3±31.5 31.4±13.1 83.8±41.8 102±8 86±10 131±13 表 2 花生推荐施肥示范田的土壤主要理化性状及其施肥量
Table 2. Major physiochemical properties of soils at peanut fields under recommend NPK fertilizations
地点
Sites试验点
No. of trialspH值
pH value有机质
Organic matter/
(g·kg−1)碱解氮
Alkaline hydrolytic nitrogen/
(mg·kg−1)有效磷
Olsen-P/
(mg·kg−1)速效钾
Available potassium/
(mg·kg−1)习惯施肥
Farmer practice/
(kg·hm−2)推荐施肥
Recommend fertilization/
(kg·hm−2)N P2O5 K2O N P2O5 K2O 莆田 Putian 19 5.3±0.4 21.87±3.72 115.2±18.4 23.5±11.6 47.0±29.6 161±20 79±6 45±4 118±25 72±5 120±11 泉州 Quanzhou 6 5.1±1.9 17.32±6.33 105.7±31.8 36.2±12.6 80.8±35.2 153±31 103±43 60±0 88±6 36±13 125±18 厦门 Xiamen 4 6.2±0.8 13.00±2.23 82.3±17.5 74.4±38.4 47.8±10.9 122±0 195±0 105±0 128±0 38±0 102±0 漳州 Zhangzhou 5 5.5±1.1 23.84±8.93 142.0±21.0 63.9±48.3 126.6±71.2 160±27 83±11 126±20 135±0 90±0 126±0 表 3 花生有机肥替代化肥潜力田间试验设计方案
Table 3. Peanut field experimentation designed for organic fertilizer replacement
序号
No.处理
Treatments氮磷钾化肥和有机肥施用量
Application rate of N, P and K fertilizer and manure/(kg·hm−2)N P2O5 K2O 商品有机肥
Commercial organic fertilizer1 空白 CK 0 0 0 0 2 习惯施肥 Farmer practice 155 97 66 0 3 推荐施肥 Recommend fertilization 105 60 105 0 4 75%化肥+25%有机肥 75%chemical fertilizer+25% manure 78.8 45 78.8 1 800 5 50%化肥+50%有机肥 50%chemical fertilizer+50% manure 52.5 30 52.5 3 600 注:商品有机肥(N+P2O5+K2O)≥5%,按照5%计算;处理3、处理4和处理5为等氮磷钾养分数量。
Note: Commercial organic fertilizer (N+P2O5+K2O) application rate ≥5%, calculated at 5%; same NPK application rate for Treatment 3, Treatment 4, and Treatment 5.表 4 有机肥替代化肥潜力田间试验供试土壤主要理化性状
Table 4. Major physiochemical properties of soils in organic fertilizer replacement trials
试验点
Sites土壤类型
Soil typespH值
pH value有机质
Organic matter/
(g·kg−1)全氮
Total nitrogen/
(g·kg−1)碱解氮
Alkaline hydrolytic nitrogen/
(mg·kg−1)有效磷
Olsen-P/
(mg·kg−1)速效钾
Available K/
(mg·kg−1)缓效钾
Slowly available K/
(mg·kg−1)南安市 Nan’an City 灰沙田 6.0 24.2 1.37 124.2 38.8 152 494 南安市 Nan’an City 灰泥田 5.7 28.1 1.46 124.2 28.4 147 303 晋江市 Jinjiang City 赤沙土 8.5 7.90 0.54 41.4 92.5 47 366 晋江市 Jinjiang City 灰赤沙土 5.5 9.18 0.53 67.8 93.6 47 143 表 5 花生氮磷钾施肥类别及其施肥的产量效应
Table 5. NPK fertilization categories and peanut yields
施肥类别
Fertilization category试验点
No. of trials处理(6)施肥量
Application rate of treatment 6 /(kg·hm−2)各处理荚果产量
Peanut yield of treatments /(kg·hm−2)N P2O5 K2O CK N2P2K2 N0P2K2 N2P0K2 N2P2K0 高产田
High yield field19 89±19 65±8 107±22 3 725±504 5 915±678 4 139±802 4 814±930 4 322±993 中产田
Middle yield field21 103±14 73±11 126±17 2 761±411 4 349±363 3 567±341 3 862±561 3 686±449 中低产田
Medium-low-yield field51 103±19 73±12 125±19 2 196±436 3 408±397 2 636±450 2 893±482 2 644±505 低产田
Low yield field14 74±5 58±5 89±9 1 272±395 2 138±451 1 470±341 1 679±311 1 620±329 表 6 花生不同施肥类别的氮磷钾三元非结构肥效模型
Table 6. Ternary non-structural fertilizer response models for peanut cultivation under various NPK fertilization categories
施肥类别
Fertilization category模型参数
Model parameter统计检验
Statistical test模型典型性
Model typicalityA×103 N0 P0 K0 c1×103 c2×103 c3×103 F R2 高产田 High yield field 6.555 6 80.12 69.81 90.21 5.851 1 8.437 9 5.449 0 9.4** 0.890 1 典型式 中产田 Middle yield field 1.735 7 111.40 103.74 137.46 4.578 4 5.879 9 3.948 1 269.3** 0.996 典型式 中低产田 Medium-low-yield field 1.332 9 109.02 113.27 125.69 4.635 1 5.500 1 4.095 1 23.6** 0.952 9 典型式 低产田 Low yield field 4.322 7 57.68 51.86 89.13 7.724 3 10.570 5.962 7 13.0** 0.917 5 典型式 表 7 基于农学效应的花生氮磷钾施肥限量标准
Table 7. NPK limits based on agronomic effects for peanut fertilization
施肥类别
Fertilization categories试验点
No. of
trials空白区产量
Blank yield/
(kg·hm−2)目标产量
Target yield/
(kg·hm−2)最高施肥量及产量
Maximum fertilizer rate and yield/
(kg·hm−2)经济施肥量及产量
Economic fertilizer rate and yield /
(kg·hm−2)N P2O5 K2O 产量
YieldN P2O5 K2O 产量
Yield高产田 High yield field 19 3 725±504 5 915±678 91 49 93 5 712 87 46 88 5 707 中产田 Middle yield field 21 2 761±411 4 349±363 107 66 116 4 288 98 60 102 4 274 中低产田 Medium- low-yield field 51 2 196±436 3 408±397 107 69 119 3 287 95 59 102 3 269 低产田 Low yield field 14 1 272±395 2 138±451 72 43 79 2 032 65 39 66 2 021 表 8 氮磷钾推荐施肥对花生产量和施肥效益的影响
Table 8. Peanut yield and fertilization efficiency as affected by recommended NPK applications
地区
Regions试验点
No. of trials空白区产量
Blank yield/
(kg·hm−2)习惯施肥
Farmer practice推荐施肥
Recommended fertilization推荐施肥效益
Benefits of recommended fertilization肥料成本
Fertilizer cost/
(元·hm−2)产量
Yield/
(kg·hm−2)肥料成本
Fertilizer cost /
(元·hm−2)产量
Yield/
(kg·hm−2)增产
Yield increase/
%肥料成本
Fertilizer cost/
(元·hm−2)净增收
Net income/
(元·hm−2)莆田
Putian19 3 692±1 397 1 312 4 682±1 631 1 467 5 157±1 621 10.1 +155 2 695 泉州 Quanzhou 6 2 403±796 1 473 2 973±633 1 183 3 278±506 10.3 −290 2 120 厦门
Xiamen4 4 709±3 501 2 024 5 444±3 094 1 250 5 779±2 957 6.2 −770 2 780 漳州 Zhangzhou 5 1 727±161 1 733 5 541±329 1 661 6 261±275 13.0 −72 4 392 表 9 不同施肥模式对花生产量和经济效益的影响
Table 9. Peanut yield and economic benefit under various fertilization models
序号
No.处理
Treatment南安灰泥田
Plaster field in
Nan’an南安灰沙田
Gray Sand field in
Nan’an晋江赤沙土
Red sand field in
Jinjiang晋江灰赤沙土
Gray red sand field in
Jinjiang产量
Yield/
(kg·hm−2)净增收
Net income/
(元·hm−2)产量
Yield/
(kg·hm−2)净增收
Net income/
(元·hm−2)产量
Yield/
(kg·hm−2)净增收
Net income/
(元·hm−2)产量
Yield/
(kg·hm−2)净增收
Net income/
(元·hm−2)1 空白 CK 3 300 d - 2 885 d - 2 261 d - - - 2 习惯施肥 Farmer practice 3 890 c - 3 455 c - 2 835 c - 3 602 b - 3 推荐施肥 Recommended fertilization 4 467 ab 3 667 3 986 b 3 391 3 135 b 2 005 3 800 b 1 393 4 有机肥替代25%化肥 OR25% 4 934 a 6 469 4 386 a 4 664 3 495 a 3 038 4 200 a 2 666 5 有机肥替代50%化肥 OR50% 4 310 bc 1 598 3 248 c −3 278 2 960 bc −1 286 - - 注:(1)产量方差分析:灰泥田的F处理=37.5**,灰沙田的F处理=87.4**,赤沙土的F处理=32.3**,灰赤沙土F处理=43.6**;(2)处理2至处理5的肥料成本分别为1 482元·hm−2、1 277元·hm−2、2 404元·hm−2和3 518元·hm−2;(3)OR25%表示有机肥替代25%化肥,OR50%有机肥替代50%化肥。
Note:(1)yield variance analysis: plaster field: F=37.5**, gray sand field: F=87.4**, red sand field: F=32.3**,gray red sand field : F=43.6**.(2)Fertilizer cost from treatment 2 to treatment 5 is 1 482 Yuan·hm−2, 1 277 Yuan·hm−2, 2 404 Yuan·hm−2 and 3 518 Yuan·hm−2, respectively.(3)OR25% stands for organic replacement of 25% chemical fertilizer, and OR50% stands for organic replacement of 50% chemical fertilizer. -
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