Effects of Sowing Time and Seeding Rate on Yield and Quality of Chinese Milk Vetch in Fujian
-
摘要:
目的 探明福建稻区紫云英最佳播期、播种量组合，为紫云英轻简化高效栽培提供依据。 方法 在田间试验条件下，分别设置9月30日、10月25日、11月20日、12月15日4个播期和15.0、22.5、30 .0 kg·hm−2 3个不同播种量共12个组合处理，测定盛花期紫云英生长性状、产量、养分含量及累积量。 结果 紫云英盛花期株高、茎粗、分枝数、养分累积量均随播期的推迟而降低，其氮、磷、钾养分含量随着播期的推迟呈先升高后降低趋势。随着播种量的增加，产量先升高后降低，但总体差异不大。播种量和播期组合处理下，9月30日至11月20日播种有利于获得较高的地上部产草量和养分累积量，以9月30日播种和22.5 kg·hm−2播种量处理的紫云英产量和养分累积量最高，干草产量达6.94 t·hm−2，氮、磷、钾累积量分别为144.01、14.45、116.01 kg·hm−2。 结论 在福建稻区种植紫云英以9月30日播种、播种量22.5 kg·hm−2为最优组合。紫云英播期弹性较小，通过增加播种量弥补延期播种无法实现高产。 Abstract:Objective To determine the appropriate time and seeding rate for sowing seeds of Chinese milk vetch (Astragalus sinicus L.) in the rice producing areas in Fujian. Method Four dates, i.e, September 30, October 25, November 20, and December 15, were selected to sow the Chinese milkvetch seeds at a rate of 15.0, 22.5 or 30.0 kg·hm−2 in the rice field. From the 12 varied treatments, growth and yield as well as the content and cumulation of nutrients of the plants at flowering stage were monitored. Result As the sowing time pushed toward end of a year, the plant height, stem girth, branch count, and nutrient accumulation of the Chinese milk vetch declined, while the nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents increased at first, then decreased. The amount of seeds used in sowing did not result in a significant difference on yield. Overall, higher yields and nutrients accumulation in the hay were observed when the plants were sowed before December 15. They peaked at a seeding rate of 22.5 kg·hm−2 on September 30 with a hay yield of 6.94 t·hm−2 and accumulated nitrogen of 144.01 kg·hm−2, phosphorus of 14.45 kg·hm−2, and potassium of 116.01 kg·hm−2. Conclusion The seeding at a rate of 22.5 kg·hm−2 on September 30 appeared to be most desirable for obtaining high yield and quality of the hay in Fujian. It was found ineffective to compensate the production reduction due to late sowing by increasing the seeding amount. -
Key words:
- Astragalus sinicus L. /
- sowing time /
- seeding rate /
- yield /
- nutrient uptake
-
表 1 播期与播种量不同组合下紫云英的生长性状
Table 1. Growth of Chinese milk vetch under varied sowing treatments
处理
Treatment株高
Plant height/
cm茎粗
Stem diameter/
cm分枝数
Branches number/
（个·株−1）总分枝数
Total branches number/
（万枝·hm−2）株数
Strains number/
（万株·hm−2）鲜产
Fresh yield/
（t·hm−2）干产
Dry yield/
（t·hm−2）A1B1 78.24±12.09 a 0.38±0.07 ab 3.20±1.00 ab 616.72±112.73 ab 208.33±87.80 de 44.45±8.05 b 5.34±1.09 b A1B2 84.35±7.82 a 0.38±0.08 ab 3.42±1.91 a 650.00±180.28 a 216.72±87.80 cde 54.69±3.60 a 6.94±0.25 a A1B3 80.19±14.97 a 0.38±0.09 ab 2.11±0.42 abc 574.91±43.19 abc 291.70±94.65 bcde 42.24±2.27 b 4.79±0.59 bc A2B1 70.35±7.67 a 0.36±0.04 abc 3.36±0.58 a 516.73±76.38 abcd 158.39±38.19 e 39.53±4.54 b 4.92±0.77 bc A2B2 68.64±28.50 a 0.34±0.10 bcd 2.25±1.48 abc 583.48±80.27 abc 333.30±142.16 abcd 40.94±8.29 b 5.01±0.34 bc A2B3 92.39±21.28 a 0.41±0.09 ab 1.84±0.26 bc 525.10±109.03 abcd 291.71±14.43 bcde 37.08±4.79 b 4.69±0.60 bc A3B1 74.87±15.94 a 0.39±0.05 ab 1.50±0.67 c 533.33±137.64 abc 366.73±62.92 abc 38.44±1.96 b 4.30±0.23 c A3B2 75.79±15.07 a 0.39±0.02 ab 2.41±1.12 abc 675.07±195.26 a 308.37±80.36 abcde 40.26±8.53 b 4.31±0.46 c A3B3 78.19±9.47 a 0.45±0.05 a 1.52±0.35 c 550.02±139.35 abc 366.70±101.04 abc 36.67±3.87 b 4.26±0.45 c A4B1 30.87±3.20 b 0.27±0.01 cde 1.10±0.23 c 341.70±62.92 d 316.70±104.08 abcd 11.95±3.15 c 1.65±0.40 d A4B2 33.31±3.50 b 0.25±0.01 de 1.02±0.00 c 458.35±62.92 bcd 458.36±62.92 a 14.06±2.71 c 1.78±0.44 d A4B3 34.67±4.46 b 0.23±0.01 e 1.00±0.00 c 408.33±128.29 cd 408.38±128.29 ab 12.14±3.61 c 1.55±0.41 d 注：同列数据后不同小写字母表示差异显著（P＜0.05）。表2、4、5同。
Note: Data with different lowercase letters mean significant difference (P＜0.05). Same for Tables 2, 4, and 5.
下载: 导出CSV
表 2 播期与播种量单因素下紫云英的生长性状
Table 2. Growth of Chinese milkvetch sowed on various dates or using different seeding rates
因素
Factor处理
Treatment株高
Plant height/
cm茎粗
Stem diameter/
cm分枝数
Branches number/
（个·株−1）总分枝数
Total branches number/
（×104·hm−2）株数
Strains number/
（×104·hm−2）鲜产
Fresh yield/
（t·hm−2）干产
Dry yield/
（t·hm−2）播期
DateA1 80.93±10.73 a 0.38±0.07 a 2.91±1.27 a 613.87±113.27 a 238.89±87.60 c 47.13±7.33 a 5.69±1.16 a A2 77.13±21.51 a 0.37±0.08 a 2.44±1.06 ab 541.69±83.87 a 261.11±108.33 bc 39.18±5.56 b 4.87±0.54 b A3 76.28±12.04 a 0.41±0.05 a 1.81±0.79 bc 586.12±153.68 a 347.22±77.50 ab 38.45±5.03 b 4.29±0.34 b A4 32.95±3.66 b 0.30±0.08 b 1.04±0.13 c 402.78±93.08 b 394.44±108.90 a 12.72±2.93 c 1.66±0.37 c 播种量
RateB1 63.58±21.98 a 0.36±0.06 a 2.31±1.18 a 502.08±135.86 a 262.50±108.97 a 33.5±13.92 a 4.07±1.60 a B2 65.52±24.77 a 0.35±0.07 a 2.25±1.45 a 591.69±149.74 a 329.17±122.86 a 37.0±17.07 a 4.43±2.06 a B3 71.36±25.78 a 0.38±0.10 a 1.60±0.49 a 514.57±116.05 a 339.58±96.21 a 32.5±11.76 a 3.88±1.36 a
下载: 导出CSV
表 3 紫云英产量及其构成因素方差分析（F值）
Table 3. Analysis of variance on yield and yield traits of Chinese milk vetch （F value）
因素
Factor株高
Plant height茎粗
Stem diameter分枝数
Branches number株数
Strains number总分枝数
Total branches number鲜产
Fresh yield干产
Dry yield播期 Date 23.14** 13.41** 8.04** 6.01** 6.63** 70.30** 90.58** 播种量 Rate 0.98 0.70 2.53 2.63 2.37 2.30 3.09 播期×播种量 Date×Rate 0.63 0.71 1.09 1.23 0.23 1.06 3.25* 注：*和**分别表示显著性和极显著。表6同。
Note: * significant difference; ** extremely significant difference. Same for Table 6.
下载: 导出CSV
表 4 播期与播种量不同组合下紫云英养分含量及累积量
Table 4. Nutrients content and accumulation of Chinese milk vetch sowed at different time and seeding rates
处理
Treatment养分含量 Nutrient content/（g·kg−1） 养分累积量 Nutrient accumulation/（kg·hm−2） N P K N P K A1B1 24.44±2.12 a 2.22±0.38 ab 18.80±0.38 bcd 131.74±37.58 ab 11.80±2.72 b 99.81±17.02 ab A1B2 20.66±3.77 a 2.08±0.14 ab 16.68±0.14 d 144.01±30.96 a 14.45±0.83 a 116.01±17.56 a A1B3 23.12±3.99 a 2.29±0.49 ab 20.47±0.49 abc 109.48±10.54 ab 10.87±2.09 bc 98.58±20.76 ab A2B1 23.11±3.92 a 2.13±0.23 ab 16.31±0.23 d 116.25±25.88 ab 10.66±1.33 bc 81.88±11.07 b A2B2 22.65±0.89 a 2.05±0.05 b 18.09±0.05 cd 111.82±21.68 ab 10.12±1.80 bc 88.83±12.78 b A2B3 23.00±0.84 a 1.93±0.14 b 17.87±0.14 cd 108.07±16.63 ab 9.02±1.14 c 83.93±13.03 b A3B1 25.46±1.71 a 2.49±0.28 a 23.41±0.28 a 109.23±3.23 ab 10.67±0.58 bc 100.46±5.07 ab A3B2 20.82±10.15 a 2.26±0.29 ab 21.09±0.29 ab 91.77±50.28 b 9.78±1.93 bc 90.84±9.66 b A3B3 23.14±2.09 a 2.07±0.26 ab 19.28±0.26 bcd 97.97±5.73 b 8.76±1.08 c 82.10±9.13 b A4B1 20.86±4.40 a 1.90±0.14 b 18.69±0.14 bcd 35.16±14.53 c 3.14±0.76 d 30.55±5.23 c A4B2 22.06±4.18 a 2.04±0.08 b 22.73±0.08 a 34.59±14.06 c 3.17±0.93 d 34.62±6.71 c A4B3 22.76±4.78 a 1.98±0.22 b 21.45±0.22 ab 40.81±13.44 c 3.47±0.43 d 36.99±3.30 c
下载: 导出CSV
表 5 播期与播种量单因素下紫云英养分含量及累积量
Table 5. Nutrients content and accumulation of Chinese milk vetch sowed on various dates or using different seeding rates
因素
Factor处理
Treatment养分含量 Nutrient content/（g·kg−1） 养分累积量 Nutrient accumulation/（kg·hm−2） N P K N P K 播期 Date A1 22.74±3.37 a 2.20±0.33 ab 18.65±2.33 b 128.41±29.16 a 12.37±2.39 a 104.80±18.11 a A2 22.92±2.07 a 2.04±0.16 ab 17.42±1.15 b 112.05±19.15 ab 9.93±1.45 b 84.88±11.11 b A3 23.14±5.62 a 2.27±0.30 a 21.26±2.08 a 99.66±26.49 b 9.73±1.41 b 91.13±10.67 b A4 21.90±3.95 a 1.98±0.15 b 20.95±3.23 a 36.85±12.50 c 3.26±0.66 c 34.06±5.37 c 播种量 Rate B1 23.47±3.30 a 2.19±0.32 a 19.30±2.91 a 98.10±43.95 a 9.07±3.85 a 78.18±31.14 a B2 21.55±5.04 a 2.11±0.17 a 19.65±2.85 a 95.55±49.85 a 9.38±4.39 a 82.59±32.75 a B3 23.00±2.83 a 2.07±0.30 a 19.77±2.71 a 89.08±31.28 a 8.03±3.09 a 75.40±26.60 a
下载: 导出CSV
表 6 紫云英养分含量及其累积量方差分析（F值）
Table 6. Analysis of variance on nutrients content and accumulation of Chinese milk vetch （F value）
因素
Factor养分含量 Nutrient content 养分累积量 Nutrient accumulation N P K N P K 播期 Date 0.15 2.63 9.80** 24.56** 65.59** 53.55** 播种量 Rate 0.68 0.67 0.22 0.44 2.73 0.98 播期×播种量 Date×Rate 0.34 0.88 4.12** 0.56 1.42 0.93
下载: 导出CSV
-
[1] 刘春增, 李本银, 吕玉虎, 等. 紫云英还田对土壤肥力、水稻产量及其经济效益的影响 [J]. 河南农业科学, 2011, 40(5):96−99. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-3268.2011.05.024LIU C Z, LI B Y, LÜ Y H, et al. Effect of incorporation of Astragalus sinicus on soil fertility, rice yield and economic efficiency [J]. Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences, 2011, 40(5): 96−99.(in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-3268.2011.05.024 [2] 颜志雷, 方宇, 陈济琛, 等. 连年翻压紫云英对稻田土壤养分和微生物学特性的影响 [J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2014, 20(5):1151−1160. doi: 10.11674/zwyf.2014.0511YAN Z L, FANG Y, CHEN J C, et al. Effect of turning over Chinese milk vetch(Astragalus sinicus L.)on soil nutrients and microbial properties in paddy fields [J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2014, 20(5): 1151−1160.(in Chinese) doi: 10.11674/zwyf.2014.0511 [3] 刘春增, 刘小粉, 李本银, 等. 紫云英还田对水稻产量、土壤团聚性及其有机碳和全氮分布的影响 [J]. 华北农学报, 2012, 27(6):224−228. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-7091.2012.06.043LIU C Z, LIU X F, LI B Y, et al. Effects of planting Chinese milk vetch on rice yield, soil aggregation and distributions of its carbon and total nitrogen [J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2012, 27(6): 224−228.(in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-7091.2012.06.043 [4] 张珺穜, 曹卫东, 徐昌旭, 等. 种植利用紫云英对稻田土壤微生物及酶活性的影响 [J]. 中国土壤与肥料, 2012(1):19−25. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-6257.2012.01.004ZHANG J T, CAO W D, XU C X, et al. Effects of incorporation of milk vetch(Astragalus sinicus)on microbial populations and enzyme activities of paddy soil in Jiangxi [J]. Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China, 2012(1): 19−25.(in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-6257.2012.01.004 [5] 曾庆飞, 孙兆敏, 贾志宽, 等. 不同播期对紫花苜蓿生长性状及越冬性的影响研究 [J]. 西北植物学报, 2005, 25(5):1007−1011. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-4025.2005.05.028ZENG Q F, SUN Z M, JIA Z K, et al. Effects of sowing dates on alfalfa productivity and winter ability [J]. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica, 2005, 25(5): 1007−1011.(in Chinese) doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-4025.2005.05.028 [6] 李琪, 谢萍, 李剑萍, 等. 不同播期对宁夏粉用马铃薯生长和品质的影响 [J]. 中国农学通报, 2011, 27(12):220−226.LI Q, XIE P, LI J P, et al. Effects of different sowing periods on growth and quality of starch potato in Ningxia [J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2011, 27(12): 220−226.(in Chinese) [7] 廖桂平, 官春云. 不同播期对不同基因型油菜产量特性的影响 [J]. 应用生态学报, 2001, 12(6):853−858. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-9332.2001.06.013LIAO G P, GUAN C Y. Effect of seeding date on yield characteristics of different rapeseed (Brassica napus) genotypes [J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2001, 12(6): 853−858.(in Chinese) doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-9332.2001.06.013 [8] 宋莉, 韩上, 席莹莹, 等. 间作对油菜和紫云英生长及产量的影响 [J]. 中国油料作物学报, 2014, 36(2):231−237. doi: 10.7505/j.issn.1007-9084.2014.02.014SONG L, HAN S, XI Y Y, et al. Effects of intercropping on growth and yield of rape and Chinese milk vetch [J]. Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences, 2014, 36(2): 231−237.(in Chinese) doi: 10.7505/j.issn.1007-9084.2014.02.014 [9] 刘春增, 吕玉虎, 李本银, 等. 不同播期对紫云英“信紫1号”生长状况、产量及养分积累的影响 [J]. 中国土壤与肥料, 2018(1):127−133. doi: 10.11838/sfsc.20180121LIU C Z, LÜ Y H, LI B Y, et al. Effects of sowing date on Chinese milk vetch(Astragalus sinicus L.)growth, yield and nutrients accumulation [J]. Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China, 2018(1): 127−133.(in Chinese) doi: 10.11838/sfsc.20180121 [10] 谢志坚, 周春火, 贺亚琴, 等. 21世纪我国稻区种植紫云英的研究现状及展望 [J]. 草业学报, 2018, 27(8):185−196. doi: 10.11686/cyxb2017360XIE Z J, ZHOU C H, HE Y Q, et al. A review of Astragalus sinicus in paddy fields in South China since 2000s [J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2018, 27(8): 185−196.(in Chinese) doi: 10.11686/cyxb2017360 [11] 潘福霞, 李小坤, 鲁剑巍, 等. 不同播期对紫云英生长及物质养分积累的影响 [J]. 土壤, 2012, 44(1):67−72. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-9829.2012.01.011PAN F X, LI X K, LU J W, et al. Effects of sowing date on Chinese milk vetch growth and nutrient accumulation [J]. Soils, 2012, 44(1): 67−72.(in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-9829.2012.01.011 [12] 张哲, 黄璜, 刘洋. 跨季节种植紫云英适宜播期的选择 [J]. 现代农业科技, 2010(4):303−304, 306. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-5739.2010.04.197ZHANG Z, HUANG H, LIU Y. Screening of suitable sowing period planting Astragalus sinicus L. in inter-season [J]. Modern Agricultural Sciences and Technology, 2010(4): 303−304, 306.(in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-5739.2010.04.197 [13] 秦自果. 不同栽培措施对紫云英(Astragalus sinicus. L)生长及种子产量的影响[D]. 武汉: 华中农业大学, 2015.QIN Z G. Effects of different cultivation technique on the growth and seed yield of Chinese milk vetch(Astragalus sinicus L.)[D]. Wuhan: Huazhong Agricultural University, 2015. (in Chinese) [14] 潘福霞, 李小坤, 鲁剑巍, 等. 播种量对紫云英生长及物质养分积累的影响 [J]. 中国生态农业学报, 2011, 19(3):574−578. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2011.00574PAN F X, LI X K, LU J W, et al. Effect of seeding rate on growth and nutrient accumulation of Chinese milk vetch [J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2011, 19(3): 574−578.(in Chinese) doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2011.00574 [15] 秦自果, 刘威, 李小坤, 等. 播种量对紫云英种子产量及其构成因素的影响 [J]. 湖北农业科学, 2015, 54(20):4960−4962, 4968.QIN Z G, LIU W, LI X K, et al. Effect of seeding rate on seed yield and its components of Chinese milk vetch [J]. Hubei Agricultural Sciences, 2015, 54(20): 4960−4962, 4968.(in Chinese) [16] 何春梅, 钟少杰, 王飞, 等. 紫云英新品系84(8)7-1-1扩繁表现及留种栽培技术 [J]. 福建农业科技, 2016(5):60−61.HE C M, ZHONG S J, WANG F, et al. Propagation performance and cultivation techniques of seed reservation of new milk vetch strain“84(8) 7-1-1” [J]. Fujian Agricultural Science and Technology, 2016(5): 60−61.(in Chinese) [17] 鲁如坤. 土壤农业化学分析方法[M]. 北京: 中国农业科技出版社, 2000: 128-129. [18] 曹毅, 任吉君, 李春梅, 等. 不同播期对红秋葵生长及发育的影响 [J]. 西南大学学报(自然科学版), 2008, 30(2):87−89.CAO Y, REN J J, LI C M, et al. Effects of sowing dates on the growth and development of hubiscus coccineus(medicus) walt [J]. Journal of Southwest University(Natural Science Edition), 2008, 30(2): 87−89.(in Chinese) [19] 吕新, 白萍, 张伟, 等. 不同播期对玉米干物质积累的影响及分析 [J]. 石河子大学学报(自然科学版), 2004, 22(4):285−288.LÜ X, BAI P, ZHANG W, et al. Analysis on effect of ecological factors on maize dry weight accumulation in different sowing periods [J]. Journal of Shihezi University(Natural Science Edition), 2004, 22(4): 285−288.(in Chinese) [20] 周影, 王琳, 魏启舜, 等. 晚播对紫云英生长、养分积累和根际微生物的影响 [J]. 土壤, 2019, 51(1):46−50.ZHOU Y, WANG L, WEI Q S, et al. Effects of late sowing on growth, nutrient accumulation and rhizosphere microorganism of Astragalus sinicus L [J]. Soils, 2019, 51(1): 46−50.(in Chinese) [21] 林多胡, 顾荣申. 中国紫云英[M]. 福州: 福建科学技术出版社, 2000: 147. [22] XIE Z J, HE Y Q, TU S X, et al. Chinese milk vetch improves plant growth, development and 15N recovery in the rice-based rotation system of South China [J]. Scientific Reports, 2017, 7: 3577. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-03919-y [23] LEE C H, PARK K D, JUNG K Y, et al. Effect of Chinese milk vetch (Astragalus sinicus L.) as a green manure on rice productivity and methane emission in paddy soil [J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2010, 138(3/4): 343−347. [24] 张天铜, 陈垣, 郭凤霞, 等. 不同播种量对甘肃礼县掌叶大黄育苗质量的影响 [J]. 草业学报, 2013, 22(4):99−105. doi: 10.11686/cyxb20130412ZHANG T T, CHEN Y, GUO F X, et al. Effect of different sowing quantities on seedling quality of Rheum palmatum [J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2013, 22(4): 99−105.(in Chinese) doi: 10.11686/cyxb20130412 [25] 苗锦山, 贾春林, 杨秋玲, 等. 不同播种量对盐碱地紫花苜蓿生育和产量的影响 [J]. 华北农学报, 2009, 24(S1):309−311. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.2009.S1.073MIAO J S, JIA C L, YANG Q L, et al. Effects of quantities of seeds sowed in Salina on the growth and yields of alfalfa [J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2009, 24(S1): 309−311.(in Chinese) doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.2009.S1.073 [26] 石敏, 周元福, 李树林, 等. 紫云英不同播种量对鲜草产量的影响 [J]. 耕作与栽培, 2012(4):34. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-2239.2012.04.021SHI M, ZHOU Y F, LI S L, et al. Effect of different sowing rates of Chinese milk vetch on fresh grass yield [J]. Tillage and Cultivation, 2012(4): 34.(in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-2239.2012.04.021 [27] 焦彬. 中国绿肥[M]. 北京: 农业出版社, 1986: 145, 154. -
