Physicochemical Properties of Composts with Varied Nitrogen Content in Tunnel Composting and Effect on Yield of Agaricus bisporus
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摘要:
目的 分析不同含氮量培养料在隧道发酵过程中的理化性质变化，为优化蘑菇培养料配方提供参考依据。 方法 以麦秆、鸡粪为主要原料，采用隧道发酵技术制备含氮量为1.15%（T1）、1.35%（T2）以及1.55%（T3）共3个处理的双孢蘑菇培养料。测定不同堆制时期培养料的含水量、灰分、含氮量及pH，并统计各处理不同潮次蘑菇产量。 结果 在培养料堆制发酵过程，培养料含氮量比例呈上升趋势，处理T3二次发酵料含氮量最高，为2.28%，显著高于处理T1。培养料pH呈现先升后降的趋势，总体呈弱碱性，处理T3一次料以及二次料的pH最高，pH和原料的含氮量呈正相关性。培养料含水量都随着发酵过程不断降低，T3处理的二次料含水量最低，为65.78%，符合蘑菇生长需求。培养料灰分则随着发酵过程不断提高，T1处理初始灰分最低，发酵结束后二次培养料灰分为30.92%，较其他两个处理低。含氮量较高的培养料其总产量更高，处理T3产量最高，为20.74 kg·m−2。 结论 不同含氮量培养料发酵过程中，培养料理化性质变化较大，含氮量1.55%的培养料蘑菇产量最高，适合双孢蘑菇工厂化栽培。 Abstract:Objective Phsicochemical properties of composts with varied nitrogen (N) contents during tunnel composting were analyzed to provide the basis for optimizing the formula of Agaricus bisporus substrate. Method Wheat straws and chicken manure were blended to result in starting compost materials with varied N contents at 1.15% (T1), 1.35% (T2), and 1.55% (T3) for the tunnel composting. Samples at different composting stages were taken for measurements on moisture, ash, and N contents as well as pH. Yields of mushrooms grown on the composts from Phase Ⅰ and Phase Ⅱ of the composting process were compared for evaluation. Result In all cases, the N content in compost increased continuously during the fermentation process. Collected after Phase Ⅱ, the 2.28% of N content from T3 was significantly higher than T1. The generally weak alkaline compost had a pH increased initially followed by a decline. The pH of T3 in either Phase Ⅰ or Phase Ⅱ was the highest among all samples. A correlation between the pH and N content in compost was observed. The moisture content decreased continuously during the fermentation showing a minimum at 65.78% on T3 in Phase Ⅱ which was considered suitable for the mushroom cultivation. The ash content increased continuously along the composting. Among the various N levels, T1 had the lowest ash content at the beginning and remained the lowest with a content of 30.92% at the end of Phase Ⅱ. The compost with a higher N content during tunnel composting produced higher mushroom yield, as the greatest yield of 20.74 kg·m-2 was found on T3. Conclusion The physicochemical properties of the compost during tunnel composting changed significantly with varied N contents in the raw material. The mushroom yield reached the highest level under T3 when 1.55% N was formulated in the starting compost materials. Thus, T3 was recommended for commercial A. bisporus cultivation. -
图 1 不同含氮配方培养料产量比较
注：不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著（P＜0.05）。
Figure 1. Yields of A. bisporus cultivated on composts of varied N contents
Note: Data with different lowercase letters indicate significant difference（P＜0.05）.
表 1 原材料部分理化性质
Table 1. Physicohemical properties of raw materials
原料
Raw material含氮量
Nitrogen content/%含碳量
Carbon content/%含水量
Moisture content/%灰分
Ash content/%麦秆 Wheat straw 0.48 46.50 15.32 8.11 鸡粪 Chicken manure 3.80 45.00 70.27 19.92 豆粕 Soybean meal 7.2 45.4 9.6 6.8 
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表 2 不同含氮配方培养料发酵过程含氮量变化
Table 2. N content of composts with varied nitrogen contents at different stages of composting
（单位：%） 处理 Treatments 不同发酵阶段 Different stages of composting 进一次 Start phaseⅠ 一转 First turning 二转 Second turning 三转 Third turning 进二次 Start phaseⅡ 出料 End phaseⅡ T1 1.16±0.01 k 1.37±0.02 j 1.59±0.02 hi 1.62±0.02 ghi 1.78±0.02 de 2.05±0.03 c T2 1.38±0.02 j 1.43±0.02 j 1.67±0.01 fg 1.67±0.02 fg 1.81±0.02 d 2.20±0.06 b T3 1.57±0.02 i 1.65±0.02 gh 1.72±0.03 ef 1.74±0.01 e 1.83±0.02 d 2.28±0.00 a 注：同列数据后不同字母表示不同处理之间差异显著（P＜0.05），表3～5同。
Note: Data with different letters on same column indicate significant differences between treatments（P＜0.05）. Same for Tables 3–5.
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表 3 不同含氮配方培养料发酵过程pH变化
Table 3. pH of composts with varied nitrogen contents at different stages of composting
处理 Treatments 不同发酵阶段 Different stages of composting 进一次 Start phaseⅠ 一转 First turning 二转 Second turning 三转 Third turning 进二次 Start phaseⅡ 出料 End phaseⅡ T1 8.10±0.08 bc 8.13±0.07 abc 8.13±0.03 abc 8.04±0.04 cd 7.82±0.08 ef 7.59±0.04 gh T2 8.09±0.06 bc 8.12±0.03 abc 8.23±0.03 ab 8.16±0.02 abc 7.91±0.02 de 7.54±0.03 h T3 8.23±0.04 ab 8.27±0.03 a 8.25±0.11 ab 8.14±0.02 abc 8.02±0.08 cde 7.72±0.03 fg
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表 4 不同含氮配方培养料发酵过程含水量变化
Table 4. Moisture content of composts with varied nitrogen contents at different stages of composting
（单位：%） 处理 Treatments 不同发酵阶段 Different stages of composting 进一次 Start phaseⅠ 一转 First turning 二转 Second turning 三转 Third turning 进二次 Start phaseⅡ 出料 End phaseⅡ T1 79.26±0.49 a 76.23±1.20 bcd 75.28±0.92 cdef 72.12±0.88 g 72.12±0.97 g 66.75±0.52 h T2 78.70±0.70 ab 75.69±0.91 cde 73.74±0.50 defg 72.90±1.46 fg 72.64±0.44 fg 67.62±0.95 h T3 77.48±0.64 abc 76.22±0.64 bcd 74.32±1.09 defg 72.9±1.12 efg 72.11±0.84 g 65.78±0.86 h
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表 5 不同含氮配方培养料发酵过程灰分变化
Table 5. Ash content of composts with varied nitrogen contents at different stages of composting
（单位：%） 处理 Treatments 不同发酵阶段 Different stages of composting 进一次 Start PhaseⅠ 一转 First turning 二转 Second turning 三转 Third turning 进二次 Start phaseⅡ 出料 End phaseⅡ T1 18.44±0.92 h 22.08±0.85 g 25.11±0.90 ef 27.29±1.04 de 28.31±0.18 cd 30.92±0.83 b T2 21.95±0.92 g 22.51±0.72 g 25.32±0.99 ef 28.59±0.18 bcd 29.90±0.60 bc 33.81±0.77 a T3 22.62±1.20 g 23.18±0.79 fg 26.58±0.35 de 28.86±1.02 bcd 30.06±0.23 bc 34.04±0.72 a
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