控失尿素对宁夏引黄灌区水稻产量和氮素淋失的影响

洪瑜; 李旭; 张慈娟; 王英; 闫媛; 王芳; 刘汝亮

doi:10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2020.03.012

控失尿素对宁夏引黄灌区水稻产量和氮素淋失的影响

doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2020.03.012

洪瑜^1,,
李旭²,
张慈娟²,
王英³,
闫媛³,
王芳^1, ,,
刘汝亮¹

1.
宁夏农林科学院农业资源与环境研究所，宁夏　银川　750002
2.
宁夏灵武市农业综合开发办公室，宁夏　灵武　751400
3.
宁夏大学农学院，宁夏　银川　750021

基金项目: 宁夏重点研发计划项目（2017BY085、2019BBF02026）；国家自然科学基金项目（31660597）；宁夏自然科学基金项目（2018AAC03281）；宁夏农林科学院科技成果转化项目（NNKZZCGZH-2019-10）；宁夏农林科学院全产业链创新示范项目（QCYL-2018-09）；宁夏农林科学院对外科技合作专项（DW-X-2018008）

详细信息

作者简介:
洪瑜（1980−），女，硕士，副研究员，主要从事农业环境研究（E-mail：ouxuer333@163.com）

通讯作者:
王芳（1968−），女，硕士，研究员，主要从事土壤肥料研究（E-mail：berrywang@vip.sina.com）

中图分类号: S 511
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2019-10-31
- 修回日期: 2020-02-01
- 刊出日期: 2020-03-01

Utilization of Loss Control Urea in Yellow River Irrigation Region to Mitigate Rice Yield Reduction and Nitrogen Leaching

1.
Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, Ningxia　750002, China
2.
Lingwu Agricultural Comprehensive Development Office, Lingwu, Ningxia　751400, China
3.
School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia　750021, China

摘要

摘要: 目的利用控失尿素开展宁夏引黄灌区水稻化肥减量研究，为提高宁夏引黄灌区水稻产量，减少氮素损失，促进氮素环保高效施用提供数据参考。方法通过田间试验，以不施氮肥（CK）和常规尿素为对照，设控失常量、控失减量10%、控失减量20%、控失 ∶ 常规为7 ∶ 3、控失 ∶ 常规为5 ∶ 5、控失 ∶ 常规为3 ∶ 7、控失尿素（基）等7个处理，研究不同控失尿素减量配比处理对水稻产量、氮素吸收利用和淋失的影响。结果（1）施用控失尿素能够促进水稻增产，控失 ∶ 常规为5 ∶ 5处理的水稻增产效果最好，比常规尿素增产8.92%，其次为控失 ∶ 常规为7 ∶ 3。控失尿素主要增加水稻的穗粒数进而增加产量。（2）施用控失尿素能够促进水稻氮肥利用率，控失减量10%处理的氮肥利用率最高，比常规尿素增加了9.79个百分点，其次为控失 ∶ 常规为5 ∶ 5处理。（3）施用控失尿素能够降低稻田田面水总氮浓度和总氮淋失量。与常规尿素相比，控失尿素各处理整个水稻生育期全氮淋失量降低了28.40%～66.32%，其中，控失减量20%处理氮素淋失降低幅度最大，其次为控失减量10%、控失常量处理。结论控失尿素可以显著提高水稻的产量与氮肥利用率，降低氮素淋失量。综合考虑，施用控失尿素243～270 kg N·hm⁻²、控失尿素与常规尿素配比5 ∶ 5是宁夏引黄灌区较合理的氮素运筹模式。
- 控失尿素 /
- 水稻产量 /
- 氮素淋失 /
- 引黄灌区
Abstract: Objective The loss control urea (LCU) that, when dissolved in water, couples in a network structure to mitigate ammonia volatilization and N leaching in rice field fertilization was studied for its practical applications. Method A plot experiment in the field was conducted with varied applications of LCU to determine the resulting rice yield and N utilization efficiency (NUE) as well as the N loss through leaching. In addition to control without N fertilization (CK), the treatments included applications of the conventional urea (CU), recommended LCU usage, 10% reduced LCU usage, 20% reduced LCU usage, LCU/CU at 7 ﹕ 3 ratio, LCU/CU at 5 ﹕ 5 ratio, LCU/CU at 3 ﹕ 7 ratio, and LCU by basal application. Result (1) All LCU applications improved the rice yield over CK. The largest increase of 8.92% over CU was resulted from the mixture of LCU/CU at 5 ﹕ 5 ratio. LCU/CU at 7 ﹕ 3 mixing ratio produced the second highest yield gain. The gains on rice yield was mainly attributed by the increase of the grain count per panicle. (2) LCU significantly improved NUE of the rice plants. By reducing 10% on the LCU usage, the highest NUE with an increase of 9.79 over CU was observed among all applications. That was followed by the second highest delivered by LCU/CU at 5 ﹕ 5 ratio. (3) LCU significantly reduced the total N concentration in surface water and N loss from leaching. In comparison to CU, depending upon the application rate, LCU reduced 28.40%–66.32% of the N loss from leaching in an entire rice growth period. By reducing 20% on the LCU usage, the highest N loss from leaching reduction was observed, followed by 10% reduced LCU usage, and then the CU treatment. Conclusion LCU significantly improved the yield and NUE of rice plants and reduced the N loss from leaching in soil. The application of LCU at 243–270 kg ·hm⁻² N with a 5 ﹕ 5 mixing ratio with CU was recommended for the rice farming in the Yellow River irrigation region.
- loss control urea /
- rice yield /
- nitrogen leaching loss /
- Yellow River irrigation region

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图 1 不同控失尿素处理对田面水中总氮含量的影响

Figure 1. Effect of LCU treatments on total N in surface water at paddy field

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表 1 试验设计

Table 1. Experimental design

处理 Treatments	说明 Description	每666.7 m²施肥量 Every 666.7m²amounts/kg			N基肥﹕蘖肥﹕穗肥 N base﹕tillering﹕jointing
处理 Treatments	说明 Description	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	N基肥﹕蘖肥﹕穗肥 N base﹕tillering﹕jointing
CK	CK	0	0	0	—
CU	常规尿素 Conventional urea	18	6	4	2﹕1﹕1
LCU	控失常量 Loss-controlled urea	18	6	4	2﹕1﹕1
LCU-10%	控失减量10% Loss-controlled urea loss 10%	16.2	6	4	2﹕1﹕1
LCU-20%	控失减量20% Loss-controlled urea loss 20%	14.4	6	4	2﹕1﹕1
L/C-7∶3	控失∶常规=7﹕3 Loss-controlled/conventional 7﹕3	18	6	4	2﹕1﹕1
L/C-5∶5	控失∶常规=5﹕5 Loss-controlled/conventional 5﹕5	18	6	4	2﹕1﹕1
L/C-3∶7	控失∶常规=3﹕7 Loss-controlled/conventional 3﹕7	18	6	4	2﹕1﹕1
LA	控失尿素（基） Loss-controlled urea by basal application	18	6	4	全部基施

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表 2 不同控失尿素处理对水稻产量及产量构成因素的影响

Table 2. Effects of LCU treatments on quantity of and factors affecting rice yield

处理 Treatment	产量 Yield/ （kg·hm⁻²）	与CU比增产率 Increasing ratio compared with CU/%	株高 Plant height/cm	穗长 Panicle length/cm	每666.7 m²有效穗数 Every 666.7 m² effective panicles/万穗	每穗粒数 Filled grains per panicle/个	结实率 Seed setting rate/%	千粒重 1 000-grain weight/g
CK	5 121.55±359.91 b	—	84.2±1.66 a	19.3±0.46 a	13.07±0.38 b	132.4±7.31 c	89.79±4.10 b	27.05±1.41 a
CU	8 725.73±265.59 a	—	96.4±2.20 a	20.1±1.65 a	20.53±0.96 a	159.2±10.28 b	81.55±4.72 a	25.13±1.03 a
LCU	9 330.98±563.20 a	6.94	95.1±1.82 a	20.9±0.76 a	20.40±1.22 a	174.8±7.52 ab	82.74±3.61 a	25.64±1.09 a
LCU-10%	9 175.10±648.44 a	5.15	98.2±1.92 a	19.8±0.87 a	19.40±0.64 a	168.2±7.30 ab	88.90±3.25 ab	25.43±1.07 a
LCU-20%	8 475.33±468.74 a	−2.87	97.8±1.25 a	18.9±0.74 a	17.60±0.59 a	159.7±8.50 b	88.45±3.02 ab	25.06±0.56 a
L/C-7∶3	9 404.27±457.96 a	7.78	99.6±1.36 a	21.7±1.24 a	19.80±0.71 a	188.4±8.77 a	85.17±3.45 ab	26.38±0.20 a
L/C-5∶5	9 504.22±628.06 a	8.92	98.7±1.68 a	20.9±0.78 a	20.27±0.89 a	184.6±8.20 a	86.12±1.20 ab	27.12±0.57 a
L/C-3∶7	8 869.76±190.56 a	1.65	96.8±2.37 a	21.1±0.62 a	18.13±0.63 a	185.1±9.13 a	87.38±3.76 ab	25.20±1.69 a
LA	8 593.46±520.20 a	−1.52	99.1±1.68 a	20.3±0.40 a	18.40±0.74 a	161.2±9.44 b	85.71±4.53 ab	25.55±0.44 a
注：同列数据后不同小写字母表示各指标在不同处理之间差异显著（P＜0.05）。表3、4同。 Note: Data with different letters within same column mean significant difference（P＜0.05). Same for Tables 3 and 4.

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表 3 不同控失尿素处理对水稻氮肥利用率的影响

Table 3. Effects of LCU treatments on NUE of rice plants

处理 Treatment	秸秆吸氮量 Straw N uptake/（kg·hm⁻²）	籽粒吸氮量 Grain N uptake/（kg·hm⁻²）	总吸氮量 Total N uptake/（kg·hm⁻²）	氮肥利用率 NUE/%	氮肥农学效率 AEN /（kg·kg⁻¹）	氮肥偏生产力 PFPN /（kg·kg⁻¹）
CK	36.28±5.69 b	49.61±4.95 b	85.89 b	—	—	—
CU	62.68±7.52 a	102.59±6.27 a	165.27 a	29.40 b	13.35 a	32.32 a
LCU	72.48±4.77 a	109.31±5.05 a	181.79 a	35.52 ab	15.59 a	34.56 a
LCU-10%	75.86±8.73 a	105.26±3.31 a	181.12 a	39.19 a	16.68 a	37.76 a
LCU-20%	53.07±3.09 a	93.39±3.37 a	146.46 a	28.04 b	15.53 a	39.24 a
L/C-7∶3	76.88±8.06 a	102.56±3.83 a	179.44 a	34.65 ab	15.86 a	34.83 a
L/C-5∶5	70.98±3.74 a	112.33±6.22 a	183.31 a	36.08 a	16.23 a	35.20 a
L/C-3∶7	71.42±6.58 a	96.55±5.37 a	167.97 a	30.40 ab	13.88 a	32.85 a
LA	68.45±6.70 a	96.71±6.23 a	165.16 a	29.36 b	12.86 a	31.83 a

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表 4 水稻各生育期总氮淋失量

Table 4. Total loss on N leaching in stages of rice growth

处理 Treatment	各生育期总氮淋失量 Total N accumulative leakage in different growth stages/（kg·hm⁻²）							占施肥量的比例 Proportion/%
处理 Treatment	返青期 Greening stage	分蘖期 Tillering stage	孕穗期 Jointing stage	开花期 Flowering stage	灌浆期 Heading stage	成熟期 Harvesting stage	总量 Sum	占施肥量的比例 Proportion/%
CK	1.83±0.50 b	4.77±1.41 b	1.99±0.27 a	1.50±0.45 a	0.74±0.19 a	0.24±0.14 a	11.07 d	-
CU	8.83±1.38 a	18.65±0.38 a	6.94±1.46 a	2.72±0.28 a	1.72±0.43 a	1.04±0.33 a	39.89 a	10.30 a
LCU	1.29±0.08 b	4.92±0.63 b	4.49±0.13 a	4.23±0.37 a	2.30±0.19 a	1.10±0.04 a	18.33 cd	2.32 b
LCU-10%	1.28±0.11 b	5.39±1.06 b	4.08±0.39 a	3.14±0.67 a	1.58±0.34 a	0.76±0.26 a	16.23 cd	1.71 b
LCU-20%	1.13±0.11 b	5.13±1.01 b	3.60±0.73 a	1.77±0.28 a	1.23±0.18 a	0.57±0.05 a	13.44 d	0.63 b
L/C-7∶3	1.98±0.18 b	7.05±1.22 b	7.11±1.50 a	3.47±0.24 a	2.04±0.27 a	1.03±0.06 a	22.67 bc	3.93 b
L/C-5∶5	2.89±0.19 b	8.92±0.39 b	6.89±0.75 a	3.00±0.17 a	1.54±0.24 a	0.91±0.10 a	24.14 bc	4.47 b
L/C-3∶7	3.04±0.85 b	8.61±0.83 b	7.24±1.15 a	2.91±0.25 a	1.46±0.31 a	0.60±0.14 a	23.87 bc	4.37 b
LA	10.67±0.57 a	7.77±0.28 b	4.45±0.12 a	3.09±0.58 a	1.56±0.15 a	1.02±0.07 a	28.56 b	6.11 b

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