Characteristics of and Factors Affecting Late-stage Inflorescence on Pear Trees
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摘要:
目的 为加深对梨晚期花利用价值认识和为开展梨晚期花形成机理及促生技术研究提供借鉴, 方法 采取定点跟踪调查方法,对梨晚期花发生时间、发生部位、花果特征特性及影响发生因素,展开较为系统观察调查分析, 结果 梨晚期花发生于春季开花后至9月之间,其中果实迅速膨大期、果实缓慢增大期、果实迅速增大期、贮藏营养积累期分别占70.72%、16.89%、7.93%、4.46%;发生部位包括当年抽生果台副梢、中长梢和多年生枝不定芽梢顶端,占比分别为94.64 %、4.29%、1.07%。与梨正常花相比,晚期花序轴较长,似呈基部多带3~4片叶伞房花序;花着生间距大、花柄长、花托小;开花顺序为中花先开,边花后开。梨晚期花具有一定结果能力,‘黄花’梨发生于果实迅速膨大期、果实缓慢增大期、果实迅速增大期、贮藏营养积累期的坐果率分别为43.23%、16.61、29.44%、29.48%,尤其是早期发生于果台副梢上的果实可正常成熟为可食用的商品果。不同品种间比较,以花芽易形成且开花期长的品种发生晚期花比率高、数量多;不同年际间比较,以在开花幼果期气候或病虫等灾害较重的年份其发生率高、数量多;不同树势比较,以树势强且树体贮藏营养丰富的植株发生率高、数量多。 结论 梨晚期花发生时间与发生部位分别以果实迅速膨大期和当年抽生的果台副梢占比大;花序轴较长、花朵着生间距大、花柄长、花托小,开花顺序与正常花相反;具有一定的结果能力,早期发生于果台副梢上的所结的果能正常成熟,对开展灾害性产量损失补救及果实熟期调节具有较大的潜在研发利用前景;大量促生的措施应以丰富树体营养为基础,应用环境胁迫刺激为诱导。 Abstract:Objective Regularity and characteristics of as well as factors affecting the late-stage inflorescence of pear trees relating to fruit bearing of the plants were studied. Method Occurrence time and location of late-stage flowers on pear trees as well as physiological and environmental factors affecting the inflorescence were systematically monitored in the field. Result The late-stage flowers started to appear on a pear tree 10 days or more after regular inflorescence in spring and lasted till September. They showed up 70.27% of the time during the period when pears formed from regular flowers were rapidly expanding on a plant, 16.89% when the fruits were slowly enlarging, 7.93% when the fruits were rapidly enlarging, and 4.46% when the fruits were storing and accumulating nutrients. They were found mostly on tip of annual auxiliary shoots (94.64% of total), some on tip of mid-long shoots at 4.29%, and a few on tip of perennial adventitious buds at 1.07%. Compared with the regular flowers, the late comers were longer on the inflorescence axis with 3 or 4 small leaves on the base, bigger on the spacing between individual flowers, lengthier on the stalks, and smaller on the receptacle. They also started blooming from the center rather than the peripheral of a inflorescence. Of all, 43.23% of the fruit-setting from the late-stage flowers occurred in the rapid expanding period of regular fruits, 16.61% in the slow fruit enlarging period, 29.44% in the rapid fruit enlarging period, and 29.48% in time of nutrient storing and accumulating on Huanghua pear plants. The late-stage flowers found on the auxiliary shoots would generally develop and form fruits that ripened on the tree. Such result was observed on the pear plants with ample nutrient supply, of the varieties that showed a high rate of bud formation and long florescence period, and/or during the years encountering stresses such as serious diseases, pest infestation and/or climatic changes that affected fruit development. Conclusion The late-stage flowers on a pear tree were largely found in the rapid expanding time of the regular fruits and on the tip of annual auxiliary shoots. They had longer inflorescence axis, wider spacing between flowers, lengthier stalks, and smaller receptacles than the regular flowers on a same plant. Their blooming sequence was opposite to the regular inflorescence. The late-stage flowers on the auxiliary shoots that bloomed early generally developed fully into fruits that matured into edible product for marketing. At time of yield decline due to diseases, the late fruit bearing compensated somewhat the loss. The delay could also inadvertently alter the fruit harvesting. Therefore, if late-stage inflorescence was desired, applying fertilization coupled with external stress to induce changes on the plant physiology could be a plausible approach. -
Key words:
- Pear /
- late-stage inflorescence /
- occurrence regularity /
- characteristics /
- influence factors
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表 1 梨晚期花不同生长发育期发生数量与比例
Table 1. Number and occurrence rate of late-stage inflorescences at pear fruit development stages
年份
Year发生总量
Total number/
(朵·株−1)果实迅速膨大期
Fruit rapidly
expanding period果实缓慢增大期
Fruit slowly
enlargement period果实迅速增大期
Fruit rapidly
enlargement period贮藏营养积累期
Storage nutrition
accumulation period发生量
Number/
(朵·株−1)比例
Ratio/%发生量
Number/
(朵·株−1)比例
Ratio/%发生量
Number/
(朵·株−1)比例
Ratio/%发生量
Number/
(朵·株−1)比例
Ratio/%2010 217.9 153.2 70.31 41.0 18.81 16.4 7.53 7.3 3.35 2011 52.7 38.3 72.68 8.5 16.13 3.3 6.26 2.6 4.93 2012 41.9 26.6 63.48 7.8 18.62 4.5 10.74 3.0 7.16 2013 65.6 46.0 70.12 10.7 16.31 6.1 9.30 2.8 4.27 2014 44.9 31.4 69.93 4.8 10.69 5.1 11.36 3.6 8.02 2015 91.0 71.7 78.79 13.3 14.61 3.8 4.18 2.2 2.42 2016 38.3 23.4 60.10 7.2 18.80 4.6 12.01 3.1 8.09 合计Total 552.3 390.6 70.72 93.3 16.89 43.8 7.93 24.6 4.46 表 2 ‘黄花’梨不同部位发生晚期花花序数量与比例
Table 2. Number and occurrence rate of late-stage inflorescences on parts of Huanghua pear tree
年份
Year花序总量
Total number of inflorescences/个当年生果台副梢
Annual auxiliary shoot当年生中长梢
Annual mid-long shoot多年生枝上不定芽梢
Adventitious buds of perennial shoot花序数
Number of inflorescences/个比例
Ratio/%花序数
Number of inflorescencesv/个比例
Ratio/%花序数
Number of inflorescences/个比例
Ratio/%2014 96 92 95.83 3 3.13 1 1.04 2015 116 107 92.24 7 6.03 2 1.73 2016 68 66 97.06 2 2.94 0 0.00 合计 Total 280 265 94.64 12 4.29 3 1.07 表 3 ‘黄花’不同生育期发生的晚期花坐果率差异比较
Table 3. Fruit-setting rate of late-stage inflorescences on Huanghua pear trees at fruit development stages
时期 Period 坐果率 Fruit setting rate/% 2014年 Year 2014 2015年 Year 2015 2016年 Year 2016 平均值 Mean 果实迅速膨大期 Fruit rapidly expanding period 42.38 47.61 39.70 43.23 Aa 果实缓慢增大期 Fruit slowly enlargement period 18.22 15.48 16.13 16.61 Cc 果实迅速增大期 Fruit rapidly enlargement period 34.14 27.87 26.32 29.44 Bb 贮藏营养积累期 Storage nutrition accumulation period 26.56 33.03 28.86 29.48 Bb 注:不同小写、大写字母分别表示0.05和0.01水平差异显著,采用费舍尔的LSD多重比较,表4-6同。
Note: Different uppercase or lowercase letters represent extreme or significant difference at 0.01 or 0.05 levels. ANOVA Fisher’s LSD test. The same as table 4-6.表 4 ‘黄花’梨正常开花果实与晚期花果实品质鉴评测定差异分析
Table 4. Quality differences between Huanghua pears developed from late-stage and regular flowers
果实类型
Fruit type单果重
Weight per
fruit /g果形指数
Fruit shape index萼片残存率
Ratio of remnant sepals /%“公梨”比例
ratio of the male pear /%肉质
Flesh texture可溶性固形
物含量
Soluble solids content /%固酸比
Ratio of total soluble solids and titratable acidity正常果
Normal fruit246.2 Aa 8.96 Bb 42.44 Bb 38.26 Bb 质地较紧、果汁中
Denser with medium juiciness10.67 Bb 60.81:1 Aa 晚期花果
Late-stage flowers’ fruit178.8 Bb 9.98 Aa 87.61 Aa 79.93 Aa 质地松脆、果汁多
Crisp to soft with juicy11.94 Aa 51.54:1 Bb 表 5 不同梨品种晚期花发生能力差异分析
Table 5. Abilities of late-stage flower formation of different pear varieties
品种
Variety年均发
生率
Annual average rate /%年均株发生率
Annual average rate per plant /%株年均花序发生量
Annual average number of inflorescences per plant株年均花朵发生量
Annual average number of flowers per plant黄花 ‘Huanghua’ 100.00 Aa 92.43 Aa 9.51 Aa 32.35 Aa 翠玉 ‘Cuiyu’ 100.00 Aa 71.61 Bb 3.78 Bb 14.36 Bb 蜜雪梨 ‘Mixue’ 100.00 Aa 42.40 Cc 1.92 Cc 7.53 Cc 翠冠 ‘Cuiguan’ 100.00 Aa 26.82 Ee 1.20 Ee 3.36 Dd 清香 ‘Qingxiang’ 25.00 Bb 0.67 Dd 0.01 Dd 0.02 Ee 表 6 ‘黄花’梨年际之间晚期花发生能力差异分析
Table 6. Abilities of late-stage flower formation of Huanghua pear trees in different years
年份
Year株发生率
Rate per plant /%株均花序发生量
Average number of inflorescences per plant株均花朵发生量
Average number of flowers per plant2010 100.00 71.21 Aa 273.45 Aa 2011 91.86 8.16 Dd 28.56 Dd 2012 89.53 6.90 Ef 22.43 Ef 2013 95.35 7.58 DEe 27.83 Dd 2014 88.37 8.67 Dd 32.45 Dd 2015 100.00 28.44 Bb 98.69 Bb 2016 93.51 7.69 Dd 26.92 Dd 2017 100.00 18.22 Cc 80.63 Cc 表 7 ‘黄花’树势强弱不同树体晚期花发生能力差异分析
Table 7. Abilities of late-stage flower formation of Huanghua pear trees with different degrees of vigor
树体类型
Tree type株发生率
Ratio per plant/%
株均花序发生量
Average number
of inflorescences
per plant株均花朵发生量
Average number of flowers per plant树势强 Vigorous tree 95.00 12.25 44.65 树势弱 Weak tree 17.50 0.78 2.68 -
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