茶园质量评价指标体系构建研究

叶伟娇; 李自强; 高水练; 余文权; 罗博仁; 杨江帆

doi:10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.11.016

茶园质量评价指标体系构建研究

doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.11.016

1.
福建农林大学安溪茶学院，福建　泉州　362400
2.
福建省农业科学院，福建　福州　350002
3.
福建农林大学经济学院，福建　福州　350002

基金项目: 农业农村部资助项目（KMD18003A）；福建省“2011协同创新中心”项目（闽教科[2015]75号）

详细信息

作者简介:
叶伟娇（1993−），女，硕士研究生，研究方向：农业技术经济与管理（E-mail：644526897@qq.com）

通讯作者:
杨江帆（1959−），男，教授，研究方向：茶叶经济与文化，茶叶资源利用（E-mail：yjf3001@163.com）

中图分类号: S 571.1
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2019-07-08
- 修回日期: 2019-09-30
- 刊出日期: 2019-11-01

A System for Evaluation on Tea Plantations

1.
Anxi College of Tea Science, Quanzhou, Fujian　362400, China
2.
Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian　350002
3.
College of Economics, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian　350002, China

摘要

摘要: 目的随着茶产业转型升级速度加快、产业分化和农村劳动力的转移，迫切需要通过茶园质量评价指标体系，为茶园流转提供价值评估参考依据，推进茶园经营的规模化和茶产业服务规模化。方法参考林地质量评价与耕地质量评价指标，通过文献研究和专家访谈，从气象、土壤、地形地貌、茶树质量、茶园结构与安全5个方面设计了茶园质量27个评价指标，利用专家问卷调查和层次分析法确定指标权重，并结合专业理论和专家意见，制定二级指标评分参考标准，最终获得茶园质量总分公式。结果（1）5个一级指标权重分别为0.221 1、0.380 0、0.060 7、0.221 1、0.117 1；（2）指标隶属关系分析表明一级指标与茶园质量、二级指标与其一级指标间均有较高的隶属度。结论本研究的茶园质量评价指标体系可在茶园流转时聘请专家参照二级指标评分标准带入公式计算茶园质量的总分，为评估茶园价值提供参考。
- 茶园质量 /
- 评价指标体系 /
- 层次分析法
Abstract: Objective A system to evaluate individual operations of the rapidly transforming tea industry in Fujian was proposed to aid the much needed managerial and service upgrading for the plantations. Method With references to the indicators used on the forest and cultivated land quality evaluations as well as the results from literature search and expert interviews, 27 criteria with respect to meteorology, soil, topography, plant quality, and plantation structure/safety relating to tea cultivation operations were designed for the evaluation. Weight on each indicating criterion was determined based on the results from the returned expert questionnaires and an analytic hierarchy process. Then, by combining the relevant theories and expert opinions, scoring standards for the secondary indicators were formulated to arrive at a mathematic equation to calculate the grading on quality of tea plantations. Result The weights of the primary indicators were 0.221 1 for meteorology, 0.38 for soil, 0.060 7 for topography, 0.221 1 for plant quality, and 0.117 1 for plantation structure/safety. And, there was a significant correlation between the primary indicators and the plantation quality as well as between the primary and secondary indicators. Conclusion The proposed system for quality evaluation on tea plantations in the province was designed based on the past experience and careful analysis. By specialist’s scoring on the designated criteria, a grade could be calculated to indicate the operational quality of a tea plantation providing clues and recommendations for improvements and/or upgrading.
- Tea plantation quality /
- evaluation system /
- analytic hierarchy process

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图 1 茶园质量评价指标的层次结构模型

Figure 1. Hierarchical model of evaluation indicators on quality of tea plantations

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表 1 茶园质量评价指标量化参考标准

Table 1. Quantitative reference standards for evaluating quality of tea plantations

A	二级指标 Secondary indicators	非常适宜100分 Very suitable for 100 points	比较适宜80分 More suitable for 80 points	适宜60分 Suitable for 60 points	比较不适宜40分 Less suitable for 40 points	非常不适宜20分 Very unsuitable for 20 points
A₁	≥10℃活动积温/℃	≥5 800	5 501～5 800	5 001～5 500	4 500～5 000	≤4 500
	年均相对湿度/%	80～90	70～79	60～69	≥90	≤59
	年均气温/℃	16～25	26～33	10～15	≥33	≤10
	平均日照时间/h	10～12	7～9	≥12	4～6	1～3
	极端温度/℃	大叶种＞5 中小叶种＞0	大叶种3-5 中小叶种−2-0	大叶种1.5-3 中小叶种−3.5-−2	大叶种0-1.5 中小叶种−5-3.5	大叶种＜0 中小叶种＜−5
	年均降水量/mm	1 200～2 000	2 001～4 000	≥4 001	800～1 200	≤800
A₂	土壤肥力[有机质/（g·kg⁻¹）；有效氮＞1.0/(mg·kg⁻¹)；有效磷＞0.1/(mg·kg⁻¹)；有效钾＞1.2/(mg·kg⁻¹)；阳离子交换量＞20/(cmol⁽⁺⁾·kg⁻¹)]	有机质＞20 有效氮＞1.0 有效磷＞0.1 有效钾＞1.2 阳离子交换量＞20	有机质15-20 有效氮0.7-1.0 有效磷0.07-0.1 有效钾0.9-1.2 阳离子交换量15-20	有机质10-20 有效氮0.4-0.7 有效磷0.04-0.07 有效钾0.6-0.9 阳离子交换量10-15	有机质5-10 有效氮0.1-0.4 有效磷0.01-0.04 有效钾0.3-0.6 阳离子交换量5-10	有机质0-5 有效氮＜0.1 有效磷＜0.01 有效钾＜0.3 阳离子交换量＜5
	土层厚度/cm	≥100	80～99.9	60～79.9	50～59.9	≤50
	土壤质地	砾壤土	壤土	砂质黏壤土	黏壤土	黏土
	pH值	5-5.5	5.6-6.0，4.5-5.0	4.0-4.5，6.1-7.5	3.5-3.9	≤3.5，≥7.5
A₃	四周（含梯壁）植被覆盖率/%	≥95	85～94.9	75～84.9	65～74.9	≤65
	坡度/°	＞15～25	＞5～15	≤5	＞25～35	≥35
	海拔高度/m	600～800	801～1 000 500～599	300～499	1 001～1 200	≤300或≥1 200
	远离污染源	远离工业区、城镇、交通干道15公里，基地附近、上风口、河道上游无污染源。满足1点15分，满分100分。
	坡向/%	≥80	70～79.9	60～69.9	50～59.9	≤50
	水源情况	水质符合农田灌溉水质标准；且茶园内有循环灌溉水	茶园0～30 m内有循环灌溉水	茶园0～30 m内有灌溉水	茶园30 m～50 m内有灌溉水	茶园外50 m以外有灌溉水
A₄	茶树品种	国家级良种且为市场流行品种	国家级良种或市场流行品种	省级良种且为地方特色品种	省级良种或地方特色品种	其他品种
	品种纯正度/%	100	80	60	40	20
	品种结构	品种三样以上且搭配合理	品种二、三样且搭配合理	品种单一	品种二、三样但搭配不合理	品种三样以上但搭配不合理
	年均单产/（kg·hm⁻²）	≥7 500	6 000～7 499.99	4 500～5 999.99	3 000～4 499.99	≤3 000
	树龄	盛产期	近盛产期	幼年期	近衰老期	衰老期
	鲜叶质量	一级	二级	三级	四～五级	六级
A₅	茶园规模/hm²	≥5	4～4.9	3～3.9	2～2.9	1～1.9
	茶园梯层等高	茶园梯层情况水平、蓄排水系统完善，无水土流失	茶园梯层情况接近水平、蓄排水系统良好，无明显水土流失	茶园梯层情况接一般、蓄排水系统一般，水土流失一般	茶园梯层情况倾斜、蓄排水系统较差，水土流失较明显	茶园梯层情况严重倾斜、蓄排水系统很差，水土流失很明显
	梯壁结构强度	混合梯田且梯壁牢固	石坎梯田且牢固	草坎梯田且梯壁较牢固	泥坎梯田且梯壁较牢固	无明显梯壁或其他
	道路情况	茶园外设有干道（否则此项0分），茶园内设有支道、步道、地头道等；茶园内多一种道路类型加20分
	茶园认证	有机茶园认证	绿色茶园	无公害	其他茶叶有关认证	无认证(0分)
注：在实际应用中，采取专家现场调查评价方式进行，以上“二级指标得分参考标准”为理论参考值，需要专家根据不同茶区、茶类和品种等实际情况给予评分。 Note: Above “scoring standards on secondary indicators” are theoretical references only. In practice, on-site inspection and evaluation on planting area and category and variety of teas by experts are to be conducted.

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表 2 茶园质量评价指标权重

Table 2. Weights of evaluation indicators on quality of tea plantations

目标层 Target layer	一级指标 Primary indicator	权重 Weights	二级指标 Secondary indicators	权重 Weights
P：茶园质量 Tea garden quality	A₁	0.221 1	B₁	0.156
P：茶园质量 Tea garden quality			B₂	0.156
			B₃	0.123 8
			B₄	0.091 8
			B₅	0.297 3
			B₆	0.175 1
	A₂	0.380 0	B₇	0.336 9
			B₈	0.141 6
			B₉	0.283 3
			B₁₀	0.238 2
	A₃	0.060 7	B₁₁	0.226 4
			B₁₂	0.061 1
			B₁₃	0.157
			B₁₄	0.359 4
			B₁₅	0.103 7
			B₁₆	0.092 4
	A₄	0.221 1	B₁₇	0.296 5
			B₁₈	0.179 9
			B₁₉	0.111 2
			B₂₀	0.07
			B₂₁	0.046
			B₂₂	0.296 5
	A₅	0.117 1	B₂₃	0.095 8
			B₂₄	0.145 2
			B₂₅	0.207 8
			B₂₆	0.180 9
			B₂₇	0.370 4

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表 3 茶园质量与其一级指标相关性

Table 3. Correlation between quality of tea plantation and primary indicators

目标层 Target layer	一级指标 Primary indicator	相关性指数 Correlation index
	A₁	0.515^**
	A₂	0.584^**
P	A₃	0.488^**
	A₄	0.349^**
	A₅	0.641^**
注：*在0.01水平相关性显著，在0.05水平相关性显著。表4同。 Note: ** Significant correlation at 0.01 level; * significant correlation at 0.05 level.The same as table 4.

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表 4 各一级指标与其二级指标相关性

Table 4. Correlation between individual primary and secondary indicators

一级指标 Primary indicator	二级指标 Secondary indicator	相关性指数 Correlation index
A₁	B₁	0.202^*
	B₂	0.193^*
	B₃	0.356^**
	B₄	0.364^**
	B₅	0.256^**
	B₆	0.373^**
A₂	B₇	0.620^***
	B₈	0.526^**
	B₉	0.667^*
	B₁₀	0.506^**
A₃	B₁₁	0.354^**
	B₁₂	0.408^**
	B₁₃	0.070
	B₁₄	0.210^*
	B₁₅	0.216^**
	B₁₆	0.571^**
A₄	B₁₇	0.284^**
	B₁₈	0.338^**
	B₁₉	0.380^**
	B₂₀	0.388^**
	B₂₁	0.187^*
	B₂₂	0.315^**
A₅	B₂₃	0.456^**
	B₂₄	0.540^**
	B₂₅	0.580^**
	B₂₆	0.525^**
	B₂₇	0.495^**

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