草海国家级自然保护区森林群落结构及物种多样性研究

何斌; 李青; 薛晓辉; 刘勇

doi:10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.11.014

草海国家级自然保护区森林群落结构及物种多样性研究

doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.11.014

何斌^1,,
李青¹,
薛晓辉¹,
刘勇²

1.
贵州省普通高等学校生物资源开发与生态修复特色重点实验室/贵州工程应用技术学院生态工程学院，贵州　毕节　551700
2.
北京林业大学林学院省部共建森林培育与保护教育部重点实验室，北京　100083

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（41871031、31860111）；贵州省科技合作计划项目（黔科合LH字[2015]7591）；贵州省普通高等学校科技拔尖人才支持计划（黔教合KY字[2016]099）

详细信息

作者简介:
何斌（1980−），男，博士，副教授，主要从事森林生态学和植物生理生态学研究（E-mail：hebin23kewen@163.com）

中图分类号: Q 145+.2
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2019-07-17
- 修回日期: 2019-09-26
- 刊出日期: 2019-11-01

Composition and Diversity of Forests at Caohai National Nature Reserve

1.
Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Remediation of Guizhou Province/College of Ecological Engineering, Guizhou University of Engineering Science, Bijie, Guizhou　551700, China
2.
College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University/Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing　100083, China

摘要

摘要: 目的研究草海国家级自然保护区内的森林群落结构和物种多样性，旨在为研究区内森林的保护和抚育管理提供科学依据。方法采用典型样地取样法，在全面踏查的基础上选择分布相对集中、具有一定代表性的地段设置16块20 m×30 m的样地，在每个样地中沿对角线分别设置5块2 m×2 m的灌木样方和5块1 m×1 m的草本样方，从物种组成、外貌特征和物种多样性等方面对森林群落结构和物种多样性进行分析。结果草海国家级自然保护区内共有种子植物34科62属74种，其中乔木14种、灌木23种、草本37种。群落分层明显，乔木层主要有云南松、华山松、杉木、槲栎、滇杨、云贵鹅耳枥等，灌木层和草本层的优势种取决于群落类型及其所处的生境。样地内所有个体的垂直结构呈偏正态分布、径级结构呈偏倒“J”型、冠幅结构呈倒“J”型，表明群落结构稳定、生长状况良好。群落中重要值＞5的6个物种在垂直结构、径级结构和冠幅结构方面差异显著。群落内丰富度指数和多样性指数均表现为：草本层＞灌木层＞乔木层，均匀度指数表现为：灌木层＞草本层＞乔木层。结论草海国家级自然保护区因地处滇东高原向贵州高原过渡的顶点区域，森林群落物种较少，多样性较低，但群落结构比较稳定；杉木群落大径级植株较多，属于衰退型群落，将逐渐走向衰退；云贵鹅耳枥群落径级结构缺失严重，特别是大径级植株，处于濒危状态，应加强群落的保护和抚育管理。
- 草海国家级自然保护区 /
- 物种组成 /
- 物种多样性 /
- 外貌特征
Abstract: Objective Composition and diversity of the forest communities at the Caohai National Nature Reserve were studied to maximize the conservation of the natural resources. Method In relatively concentrated and representative areas at the reserve, a survey was conducted on 16 lots, 20 m×30 m each in size, randomly selected following the typical sampling protocol. On each lot, 5 shrub plots sized 2 m×2 m each and 5 herb plots sized 1 m×1 m each were assigned along the diagonal line to observe the species, morphology, and varieties of the plants in a communities. Result Totally, 74 species, 62 genera, and 34 families were found on the plots. Among them, 14 species were arbors; 23, bushes; and, 37, herbs. Species stratification was evident as the existing varieties of arbor class were dominated by Pinus yunnanensis, P. armandii, Cunninghamia lanceolata, Quercus aliena, Populus yunnanensis and Carpinus pubescens; whereas, the shrub and herb classes varied depending on the community type and eco-environment．All individual plants at the reserve showed a normal bell-shaped vertical distribution, a partially slant inversed J-shaped distribution on trunk-diameter, and an inverted J-shaped distribution on canopy-width, indicating constant and healthy growth of the forests. The 6 species that had their critical indicators scored greater than 5 with significant differences on the vertical, trunk and canopy structures. Both the richness and diversity indices of the communities ranked in the order of: herb class>shrub class>tree class, and the uniformity index: shrub class>herb class>tree class. Conclusion Located at the apex on a land in transition from eastern Yunnan plateau to Guizhou plateau, the Caohai National Nature Reserve displayed the typical regional characteristic low variety and diversity but relatively stable composition of plants on its forest communities. There were numerous plants with sizable trunks in the C. lanceolate community that were declining and would continue to decline in number. The diversity on tree trunk-diameter of the C. pubescens community was exceedingly low, especially on plants with large trunk girth. Therefore, a special attention to protect and manage such communities needed be placed for forest conservation.
- Caohai National Nature Reserve /
- species composite /
- species diversity /
- characteristic appearances

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图 1 样地内所有木本植物高度级分布

Figure 1. Distribution of height of woody plants on sample plots

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图 2 重要值大于5的6个主要树种的高度级结构

Figure 2. Height distribution of 6 species with critical indicators scored greater than 5

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图 3 样地内所有木本植物径级分布

Figure 3. Distribution of trunk-diameter of woody plants on sample plots

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图 4 重要值大于5的6个主要树种的径级结构

Figure 4. Distribution of trunk-diameter on 6 species with critical indicators scored greater than 5

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图 5 样地内所有木本植物冠幅分布

Figure 5. Distribution of canopy-width of woody plants on sample plots

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图 6 重要值大于5的6个主要树种的冠幅结构

Figure 6. Distribution of canopy-width on 6 species with critical indicators scored greater than 5

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图 7 草海国家自然保护区森林群落物种多样性指数

Figure 7. Diversity of forest communities in Caohai National Nature Reserve

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表 1 调查样地生境状况

Table 1. Habitat conditions of sampling plots

样地编号 plot No.	地理坐标 Geographical coordinate	海拔 Altitude/m	坡度 Slope	郁闭度 Canopy density	群落类型 Community type
1	104°21'76″E, 26°86'63″N	2 180	25°	0.67	针叶林 Coniferous forest
2	104°22'21″E, 26°87'90″N	2 111	28°	0.80	针叶林 Coniferous forest
3	104°20'89″E, 26°88'06″N	2 090	20°	0.75	针叶林 Coniferous forest
4	104°20'35″E, 26°87'28″N	2 182	11°	0.70	阔叶林 Broadleaf forest
5	104°15'42″E, 26°83'73″N	2 200	10°	0.85	针叶林 Coniferous forest
6	104°15'43″E, 26°83'82″N	2 157	12°	0.65	针叶林 Coniferous forest
7	104°19'33″E, 26°87'37″N	2 151	18°	0.70	阔叶林 Broadleaf forest
8	104°19'35″E, 26°84'72″N	2 227	23°	0.8	阔叶林 Broadleaf forest
9	104°19'40″E, 26°84'61″N	2 160	25°	0.75	阔叶林 Broadleaf forest
10	104°19'03″E, 26°85'58″N	2 191	43°	0.69	针叶林 Coniferous forest
11	104°18'61″E, 26°79'78″N	2 250	24°	0.80	阔叶林 Broadleaf forest
12	104°18'51″E, 26°79'98″N	2 237	20°	0.70	针叶林 Coniferous forest
13	104°19'58″E, 26°81'19″N	2 228	23°	0.75	阔叶林 Broadleaf forest
14	104°34'79″E, 26°80'58″N	2 160	26°	0.68	针叶林 Coniferous forest
15	104°35'26″E, 26°80'57″N	2 130	29°	0.85	阔叶林 Broadleaf forest
16	104°27'33″E, 26°82'99″N	2 224	31°	0.85	阔叶林 Broadleaf forest

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表 2 草海国家级自然保护区森林群落科、属、种组成

Table 2. Composition of species, genera and families in forest communities at Caohai National Nature Reserve

序号 Serial number	科名 Family name	属数 Number of genus	种数 Number of Species
1	松科 Pinaceae	2	2
2	柏科 Cupressaceae	1	1
3	杉科 Taxodiaceae	1	1
4	杨柳科 Salicaceae	1	5
5	壳斗科 Fagaceae	1	3
6	桦木科 Betulaceae	3	3
7	胡桃科 Juglandaceae	1	1
8	蔷薇科 Rosaceae	8	10
9	小檗科 Berberidaceae	2	2
10	三白草科 Saururaceae	1	1
11	菊科 Compositae	6	7
12	豆科 Leguminosae	1	1
13	忍冬科 Caprifoliaceae	2	2
14	杨梅科 Myricaceae	1	1
15	杜鹃花科 Ericaceae	1	1
16	藤黄科 Guttiferae	1	1
17	百合科 Liliaceae	2	2
18	木通科 Lardizabalaceae	1	1
19	五加科 Araliaceae	1	1
20	锦葵科 Malvaceae	1	1
21	木犀科 Oleaceae	1	1
22	桑科 Moraceae	1	1
23	车前科 Plantaginaceae	1	1
24	牻牛儿苗科 Geraniaceae	1	1
25	茜草科 Rubiaceae	1	2
26	堇菜科 Violaceae	1	1
27	蓼科 Polygonaceae	1	1
28	禾本科 Gramineae	6	7
29	唇形科 Labiatae	5	5
30	玄参科 Scrophulariaceae	1	1
31	酢浆草科 Oxalidaceae	1	1
32	毛茛科 Ranunculaceae	1	2
33	天南星科 Araceae	2	2
34	马钱科 Loganiaceae	1	1
总计 Total	34	62	74

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