农药对银耳生长的影响及质量安全风险评估

姚清华; 颜孙安; 陈美珍; 黄敏敏; 林虬

doi:10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.09.011

农药对银耳生长的影响及质量安全风险评估

doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.09.011

姚清华^{1, 2, 3,},
颜孙安^{1, 2, 3},
陈美珍^{1, 2, 3},
黄敏敏^{1, 2, 3},
林虬^{1, 2, 3, ,}

1.
福建省农产品质量安全重点实验室，福建　福州　350003
2.
福建省农业科学院农业质量标准与检测技术研究所，福建　福州　350003
3.
农业农村部农产品质量安全风险评估实验室，福建　福州　350003

基金项目: 农业农村部国家食用菌质量安全风险评估项目（GJFP2018006）；福建省科技计划公益类专项（2018R1018-7）；福建省农业科学院创新团队建设项目（STIT2017-1-12）；福建省农业科学院青年英才基金项目（YC2017-8）

详细信息

作者简介:
姚清华（1985−），男，硕士，副研究员，研究方向：农产品质量安全与风险评估（E-mail：yaoyaoshuimu@163.com）

通讯作者:
林虬（1963−），男，研究员，研究方向：农产品质量安全与风险评估（E-mail：linqiu3163@163.com）

中图分类号: S 567.34
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2019-08-16
- 修回日期: 2019-09-03
- 刊出日期: 2019-09-01

Effects of Pesticides on Growth and Food Safety of Tremella fuciformis

YAO Qing-hua^{1, 2, 3
,},
YAN Sun-an^{1, 2, 3},
CHEN Mei-zhen^{1, 2, 3},
HUANG Min-min^{1, 2, 3},
LIN Qiu^{1, 2, 3
, ,}

1.
Fujian Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety, Fuzhou, Fujian　350003, China
2.
Institute of Quality Standards Testing Technology for Agro-products, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian　350003, China
3.
Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, Fujian　350003, China

摘要

摘要: 目的研究不同农药对我国两种银耳（Tremella fuciformis Berk）主栽品种Tr01、Tr21生长及农药残留的影响。方法采用拌料方式添加不同质量浓度的9组（11种）农药处理，测定各组银耳生长性状、产量、农药残留并开展质量安全风险评估。结果在9组农药拌料栽培处理条件下，联苯菊酯、啶虫脒、氯氰菊酯、阿维菌素、乙酰甲胺磷、咪鲜胺、吡虫啉、异丙威、哒螨灵、克百威、毒死蜱11种农药在500 、1 000、2 000 mg·kg⁻¹拌料质量浓度下，除吡虫啉组外，其他农药拌料组银耳均未检出农药残留。银耳中吡虫啉残留引起的最高膳食急性、慢性风险熵分别为0.006、0.000 9，远小于1，说明其膳食健康风险极低。20%异丙威乳油拌料添加会导致银耳子实体无法正常生长。3.5%氯氰菊酯、1.5%啶虫脒微乳剂，5%阿维菌素乳油，30%乙酰甲胺磷乳油拌料添加会显著降低银耳Tr01的产量。3%联苯菊酯、3%啶虫脒微乳剂，3.5%氯氰菊酯、1.5%啶虫脒微乳剂拌料添加会显著降低银耳Tr21的产量。结论银耳品种Tr01比品种Tr21更易受农药影响；异丙威等部分农药种类会抑制银耳生长；在试验条件下，银耳中的农药残留膳食风险处于可接受水平。
- 银耳 /
- 风险评估 /
- 农药 /
- 培养料 /
- 产量
Abstract: Objective Effect of various pesticides on the growth of Tremella fuciformis Berk and the food safety assessment on the pesticide residues were studied. Method Two major T. fuciformis Berk cultivars, Tr01 and Tr21, of Gutian County in Fujian were cultivated on substrates under 9 treatments that applied 11 pesticides in varied concentrations to monitor the fungal growth and yield. Upon maturation, fruiting bodies were harvested for chemical analysis to determine the health risk of pesticide residues for food consumption. Result Other than imidacloprid, none of the tested pesticides left a detectable residue in the fruiting bodies. Even the highest hazard quotients (HQs) of imidacloprid on the acute and chronic health risks were far below 1 at 0.006 and 0.000 9, respectively. The application of 20% isoprocarb emulsion caused deformation on the fruiting bodies of both varieties. On fungal yield, among the pesticides, 3.5% cypermethrin and 1.5% acetamiprid microemulsion reduced the yields of both cultivars; 5% avermectin emulsion and 30% acephate emulsion lowered the yield of Tr01; and, 3% bifenthrin and 3% acetamiprid microemulsion decreased the yield of Tr21. Conclusion The growth of Tr01 was more sensitivity to pesticide applications than Tr21, and neither T. fuciformis cultivars could develop normally on substrate with the presence of isoprocarb. Within the treatment limits applied in this study, the pesticide residues in the fruiting bodies seemed to post little health risk for consumers.
- Tremella fuciformis Berk /
- risk assessment /
- pesticide /
- cultivation substrate /
- yield

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图 1 古田县银耳主栽品种

Figure 1. Two major species of T. fuciformis cultivated in Gutian County

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 农药拌料对银耳产量的影响

注：*表示与对照组有显著性差异（P＜0.05）。

Figure 2. Average fruiting body yield of T. fuciformis cultivated on substrates of 9 treatments

Note: Asterisk indicates that significantly different between the experiment group and the control group (P＜0.05).

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表 1 供试农药、剂型及其生产企业

Table 1. Formulations and manufacturers of pesticides under test

处理 Group	农药 Pesticide	剂型 Formulation	生产企业 Manufacturer
P1	3%联苯菊酯，3%啶虫脒 Bifenthrin, Acetamiprid	微乳剂 Micro-emulsion	青岛正道药业有限公司 Qingdao Zhengdao Pharma Co., Ltd.
P2	3.5%氯氰菊酯，1.5%啶虫脒 Cypermethrin, Acetamiprid	微乳剂 Micro-emulsio	山东荣邦化工有限公司 Shandong Rongbang Chemical Industry Co, Ltd.
P3	5% 阿维菌素 Abamectin	乳油 Emulsifiable concentrate	山东金锐特生物科技有限公司 Shandong Jinruite Bio-technology Co., Ltd.
P4	30% 乙酰甲胺磷 Acephate	乳油 Emulsifiable concentrate	重庆农药化工（集团）有限公司 Chongqing Pesticide Chemical Co., Ltd.
P5	45% 咪鲜胺 Prochloraz	乳油 Emulsifiable concentrate	德国奥利恩作物保护有限公司 Germany Aolien crop protection Co., Ltd.
P6	10% 吡虫啉 Imidacloprid	粉剂 Dustpowder	济南一农化工有限公司 Jinan Yinong Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
P7	20% 异丙威 Isoprocarb	乳油 Emulsifiable concentrate	江苏辉胜农药有限公司 Jiangsu Huisheng Pesticide Co., Ltd.
P8	5% 哒螨灵，5% 啶虫脒 Pyridaben, Acetamiprid	微乳剂 Micro-emulsio	深圳诺普信农化股份有限公司 Shenzhen Noposion International Investment Co., Ltd.
P9	1% 丁硫克百威，4% 毒死蜱 Carbosulfan, Chlorpyrifos	颗粒剂 Granules	西安瑞邦化工有限公司 Xi’an Ruibang Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.

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表 2 常压灭菌对银耳培养料中11种农药降解的影响

Table 2. Effect of sterilization on degradation of 11 pesticides in substrate for Tremella fuciformis cultivation

编号	处理 Group	灭菌前 Before sterilization/(mg·kg⁻¹)	灭菌后 After sterilization/(mg·kg⁻¹)	降解率 Degradation rate/%
P1	3%联苯菊酯，3%啶虫脒 Bifenthrin, Acetamiprid	9.61	6.41	33.3
P1	3%联苯菊酯，3%啶虫脒 Bifenthrin, Acetamiprid	0.58	0.17	70.4
P2	3.5%氯氰菊酯，1.5%啶虫脒 Cypermethrin, Acetamiprid	6.31	6.09	3.2
P2	3.5%氯氰菊酯，1.5%啶虫脒 Cypermethrin, Acetamiprid	0.26	0.10	61.5
P3	5% 阿维菌素 Abamectin	34.29	26.20	23.6
P4	30% 乙酰甲胺磷 Acephate	1.21(0.51^a)	ND	100
P5	45% 咪鲜胺 Prochloraz	61.46	0.20	99.7
P6	10% 吡虫啉 Imidacloprid	46.36	44.36	4.3
P7	20% 异丙威 Isoprocarb	101.24	71.50	29.4
P8	5% 哒螨灵，5% 啶虫脒 Pyridaben, Acetamiprid	17.74	17.56	1.0
P8	5% 哒螨灵，5% 啶虫脒 Pyridaben, Acetamiprid	2.38	0.72	69.8
P9	1% 丁硫克百威，4% 毒死蜱 Carbosulfan, Chlorpyrifos	ND(3.34^b)	ND(0.72^b)	ND(78.5^b)
P9	1% 丁硫克百威，4% 毒死蜱 Carbosulfan, Chlorpyrifos	28.03	1.99	92.9
注：^a甲胺磷，^b克百威；ND为未检出； Note：^a Methamidophos, ^b Carbofuran；ND means undetected.

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表 3 11种农药不同拌料质量浓度对在银耳子实体的残留量

Table 3. Pesticide residues in T. fuciformis Berk cultivated on substrates of 9 treatments

农药 Pesticide	质量浓度 Concentration/(mg·kg⁻¹)	农药残留 Pesticide residue /（mg·kg⁻¹)
农药 Pesticide	质量浓度 Concentration/(mg·kg⁻¹)	Tr01	Tr21
3%联苯菊酯，3%啶虫脒 Bifenthrin, Acetamiprid	500	ND	ND
	1 000	ND	ND
	2 000	ND	ND
3.5%氯氰菊酯，1.5%啶虫脒 Cypermethrin, Acetamiprid	500	ND	ND
	1 000	ND	ND
	2 000	ND	ND
5% 阿维菌素 Abamectin	500	ND	ND
	1 000	ND	ND
	2 000	ND	ND
30% 乙酰甲胺磷 Acephate	500	ND	ND
	1 000	ND	ND
	2 000	ND	ND
45% 咪鲜胺 Prochloraz	500	ND	ND
	1 000	ND	ND
	2 000	ND	ND
10% 吡虫啉 Imidacloprid	500	0.13	0.06
	1 000	0.21	0.14
	2 000	0.51	0.32
20% 异丙威 Isoprocarb	500	−	−
	1 000	−	−
	2 000	−	−
5% 哒螨灵，5% 啶虫脒 Pyridaben, Acetamiprid	500	ND	ND
	1 000	ND	ND
	2 000	ND	ND
1% 丁硫克百威，4% 毒死蜱 Carbosulfan, Chlorpyrifos	500	ND	ND
	1 000	ND	ND
	2 000	ND	ND
空白 Control	−	ND	ND
注：同列数据后不同小写字母表示同一品种银耳子实体组间直径存在显著性差异，P＜0.05；^表示同一处理间，Tr01、Tr21子实体直径存在显著性差异，P＜0.05。表5同。 Note: Means with the different letter in column are significantly different according to Duncan's test (P＜0.05). Means between different varieties with asterisk are significantly different according to independent t-test (P＜0.05). The same as Table 5.

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表 4 银耳中吡虫啉残留对不同消费者的膳食急性和慢性健康风险

Table 4. Acute and chronic health risk of imidacloprid residue in T. fuciformis for food consumption

消费群体 Consumers	体重 Body weight/kg	每日摄入量 Edible daily intake/（mg·kg^-1 bw day）	风险熵 Harzard risk quotient
消费群体 Consumers	体重 Body weight/kg	每日摄入量 Edible daily intake/（mg·kg^-1 bw day）	慢性 Chronic	急性 Acute
儿童 Children (2～5 years old)	16	4×10⁻⁴	0.000 9	0.006
儿童 Children (6～11 years old)	29	2×10⁻⁴	0.000 5	0.003
少年 Teenagers (12～19 years old)	51	1×10⁻⁴	0.000 3	0.002
女性 Females	56	1×10⁻⁴	0.000 3	0.002
男性 Males	65	9×10⁻⁵	0.000 2	0.002

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表 5 11种农药不同拌料质量浓度对在银耳子实体生长的影响

Table 5. Growth of T. fuciformis cultivated on substrates of 9 treatments

农药 Pesticide	质量浓度 Concentration/(mg·kg⁻¹)	子实体直径 The diameter of fruit body/cm
农药 Pesticide	质量浓度 Concentration/(mg·kg⁻¹)	Tr01	Tr21
3%联苯菊酯，3%啶虫脒 Bifenthrin, Acetamiprid	500	9.0±1.3 abc	9.8±1.0 a
	1 000	11.0±1.7 cdef	10.5±1.5 ab
	2 000	10.3±0.3 bcdef	11.2±1.3 abcd
3.5%氯氰菊酯，1.5%啶虫脒 Cypermethrin, Acetamiprid	500	7.0±0.5 a	10.5±0.5 ab*
	1 000	8.0±0.9 ab	13.2±1.0 cdef*
	2 000	9.3±2.1 bcd	11.5±1.5 abcdef
5% 阿维菌素 Abamectin	500	10.0±1.5 bcde	13.0±0.5 cdef*
	1 000	10.2±1.5 bcdef	12.5±0.9 bcdef
	2 000	11.0±1.8 cdef	13.5±0.5 ef
30% 乙酰甲胺磷 Acephate	500	9.7±0.8 bcde	13.3±0.3 def*
	1 000	10.7±1.5 cdef	13.7±1.0 f*
	2 000	10.3±1.3 bcdef	13.5±0.9 ef*
45% 咪鲜胺 Prochloraz	500	9.8±1.3 bcde	11.8±0.6 abcdef
	1 000	12.7±0.3 f	12.5±0.5 bcdef
	2 000	11.3±1.8 cdef	12.7±0.6 bcdef
10% 吡虫啉 Imidacloprid	500	11.2±1.0 cdef	11.2±2.4 abcd
	1 000	11.7±0.6 def	11.3±1.3 abcde
	2 000	11.2±1.2 cdef	11.3±1.0 abcde
20% 异丙威 Isoprocarb	500	—	—
	1 000	—	—
	2 000	—	—
5% 哒螨灵，5% 啶虫脒 Pyridaben, Acetamiprid	500	10.5±1.5 bcdef	11.0±0.5 abc
	1 000	11.2±1.6 cdef	11.3±1.9 abcde
	2 000	12.0±1.3 ef	11.2±1.0 abcd
1% 丁硫克百威，4% 毒死蜱 Carbosulfan, Chlorpyrifos	500	10.0±1.0 bcde	11.7±1.0 abcdef
	1 000	10.3±0.6 bcdef	13.0±0.0 cdef*
	2 000	11.5±1.7 cdef	13.2±1.3 cdef
空白 Control	—	11.2±1.0 cdef	11.7±1.4 abcdef

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