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基于农学效应的露地蔬菜氮磷钾推荐施肥量研究

章明清, 李娟, 章赞德, 姚宝全, 许文江, 沈金泉

章明清, 李娟, 章赞德, 姚宝全, 许文江, 沈金泉. 基于农学效应的露地蔬菜氮磷钾推荐施肥量研究[J]. 福建农业学报, 2018, 33(10): 1023-1029. DOI: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.10.003
引用本文: 章明清, 李娟, 章赞德, 姚宝全, 许文江, 沈金泉. 基于农学效应的露地蔬菜氮磷钾推荐施肥量研究[J]. 福建农业学报, 2018, 33(10): 1023-1029. DOI: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.10.003
ZHANG Ming-qing, LI Juan, ZHANG Zan-de, YAO Bao-quan, XU Wen-jiang, SHEN Jin-quan. Agronomic Effects of Recommended NPK Fertilization on Vegetable Farming[J]. Fujian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2018, 33(10): 1023-1029. DOI: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.10.003
Citation: ZHANG Ming-qing, LI Juan, ZHANG Zan-de, YAO Bao-quan, XU Wen-jiang, SHEN Jin-quan. Agronomic Effects of Recommended NPK Fertilization on Vegetable Farming[J]. Fujian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2018, 33(10): 1023-1029. DOI: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.10.003

基于农学效应的露地蔬菜氮磷钾推荐施肥量研究

基金项目: 

福建省科技计划项目-省属公益类科研院所基本科研专项 2018R1022-3

福建省农业科学院科技创新团队建设项目 STIT2017-1-9

福建省测土配方施肥项目 2006-2015

详细信息
    作者简介:

    章明清(1963-), 男, 博士, 研究员, 主要从事作物施肥原理与技术以及施肥与环境领域研究(E-mail:zhangmq2001@163.com)

  • 中图分类号: S63

Agronomic Effects of Recommended NPK Fertilization on Vegetable Farming

  • 摘要: 针对蔬菜施肥中氮磷肥用量普遍偏高和比例不合理问题,探讨主要露地蔬菜氮磷钾推荐施肥量。根据近年来在芥菜、大白菜、结球甘蓝菜、莴苣、花椰菜、毛豆、槟榔芋、多子芋和胡萝卜上完成的290个氮磷钾田间肥效试验结果,应用系统聚类分析及其类别间差异显著性检验的方法,制定菜田土壤肥力等级的最佳类别数;然后采用三元非结构肥效模型构建各肥力等级的肥效方程及其推荐施肥量。结果表明,蔬菜空白区产量和平衡施肥产量的变异系数分别达到26.0%~60.2%和13.2%~50.3%,不同蔬菜种类及其土壤施肥效应具有明显的差异。在确保类别间的空白区产量和平衡施肥产量两个指标达到显著差异水平的条件下,结球甘蓝菜划分为4个土壤肥力等级,其他8种蔬菜则划分为3个土壤肥力等级。根据不同蔬菜的不同土壤肥力等级对应的氮磷钾田间肥效试验结果,构建的28个三元肥效模型均属于典型式,由此提出基于农学效应的9种供试蔬菜氮磷钾推荐施肥量。14个大田验证试验表明,与习惯性的氮磷钾施用量和比例相比,本研究推荐施肥量下的槟榔芋、结球甘蓝菜、毛豆和多子芋等4种供试蔬菜平均增产6.8%~10.6%,净增收达692~3 834元·hm-2。研究结果为露地蔬菜减肥增效技术的推广应用提供了最佳养分投入量依据。
    Abstract: To promote proper fertilization for vegetable farming in open fields, the application rates of NPK fertilizers were studied according to their agronomic benefits on the plants. The 290 field experiments conducted in recent years on leaf mustard (Brassica juncea), Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa), headed cabbage (Brassica oleracea), lettuce, broccoli, green soy bean, areca taro (Colocasia esculenta), boilen taro (Colocasia esculenta L. Schott.), and carrots allowed a classification on soil fertility using the systematic cluster analysis and significance differentiation test, as well as a proposed recommendation on the fertilization using the ternary non-structural fertilizer efficiency model. The coefficients of variation on vegetable yields were 26.0%-60.2% for the reference and 13.2%-50.3% for a balanced fertilization indicating significant differences on the effect of soil fertility among the various vegetables. For the further experimentation, 4 levels of fertility for the headed cabbages and 3 levels for the remaining 8 vegetables were applied to ensure a significance on the fertilization effect. It was found that all 28 ternary fertilizer efficiency models obtained were typical, and therefore, 9 formulas for the fertilization based on agronomic effect were established. In the following field tests, 14 of them confirmed that the recommended NPK fertilization resulted in an average increase on yield of boilen taros, headed cabbages, green soy beans, and areca taros ranged from 6.8% to 10.6%with a net increasing on revenue of 692 Yuan to 3 834 Yuan per hm2 over the conventional fertilization.
  • 表  1   供试土壤主要理化性状和处理(6)平均施肥量

    Table  1   Major physiochemical properties of soil at initial test sites and fertilizations for treatment 6

    蔬菜试验
    点数
    pH有机质/
    (g·kg-1)
    碱解氮/
    (mg·kg-1)
    Olsen-P/
    (mg·kg-1)
    速效钾/
    (mg·kg-1)
    处理(6)施肥量/(kg·hm-2)
    NP2O5K2O
    芥菜305.38±0.5235.2±11.4153.6±44.041.8±33.670.6±41.7283±23105±34173±33
    大白菜275.29±0.3926.1±5.6144.2±43.556.9±65.696.3±57.6220±1076±8190±38
    结球甘蓝735.42±0.6525.3±9.5124.3±52.169.3±58.099.9±54.6258±3890±20188±46
    莴苣302.06±0.5628.5±11.738.7±53.210.7±16.736.0±54.5324±30162±15324±30
    花椰菜325.14±0.4020.7±7.6137.4±57.583.0±57.698.2±52.5242±67109±15228±65
    毛豆105.33±0.2430.4±3.3127.0±38.769.7±23.3110.6±47.6180±090±0120±0
    槟榔芋615.11±0.7624.8±8.1139.3±44.180.4±57.9100.9±74.2384±146182±60378±168
    多子芋115.17±0.2736.5±8.9178.5±67.041.7±23.165.8±30.5180±090±0180±0
    胡萝卜167.25±1.0710.1±6.0125.4±54.1105.1±61.752.1±29.8330±099±0561±0
    注:芥菜试验点分布在永春县和云霄县;大白菜试验点主要分布在建阳区和三元区;结球甘蓝菜试验点武夷山市、建阳区、三元区和同安区;莴苣试验设置在永安市;花椰菜试验主要设置于集美区、三元区和邵武市等;毛豆试验点主要设置于龙海市;槟榔芋试验点主要设置于福鼎市、集美区和长汀县等;多子芋试验点主要设置于永定区;胡萝卜试验点主要设置于集美区。
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  2   验证试验的土壤主要理化性状和处理施肥量

    Table  2   Major physiochemical properties of soil for confirmation tests and fertilization for each treatment

    蔬菜地点试验
    点数
    pH有机质/
    (g·kg-1)
    碱解氮/
    (mg·kg-1)
    Olsen-P/
    (mg·kg-1)
    速效钾/
    (mg·kg-1)
    N-P2O5-K2O施肥量/(kg·hm-2)
    推荐施肥习惯施肥
    槟榔芋福鼎市35.0±0.028.1±4.9104.0±36.429.6±18.5105.3±79.8300-150-270285-350-320
    结球甘蓝菜同安区45.6±0.214.4±4.785.8±20.193.9±39.463.5±16.8320-95-278368-420-240
    毛豆长泰县45.6±0.220.8±1.0213.0±78.777.8±70.358.5±21.6146-92-143185-89-126
    多子芋永定区35.4±0.332.0±3.5150.7±27.141.0±28.348.7±25.7165-80-168146-69-59
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  3   露地蔬菜氮磷钾施肥效应及其增产效果

    Table  3   Responses and yield increases by NPK fertilizations at vegetable fields

    蔬菜试验
    点数
    经典五处理的平均产量/(t·hm-2)平均贡献率/%
    CKN0P2K2N2P0K2N2P2K0N2P2K2土壤NPK
    芥菜3020.95±8.0936.52±16.4671.45±25.4370.94±27.3383.84±27.5725.056.414.815.4
    大白菜2722.86±9.4125.20±9.0535.96±12.9033.16±12.8241.05±12.8355.738.612.419.2
    结球甘蓝7328.87±14.0133.15±14.1544.98±14.0543.70±14.1152.43±15.3255.136.814.216.7
    莴苣3015.59±9.0118.37±8.4020.70±9.1927.06±11.5637.28±11.9741.850.744.527.4
    花椰菜3217.10±10.2919.27±11.7726.61±15.8224.57±15.7631.02±15.6155.137.914.220.8
    毛豆108.04±2.108.62±2.4010.11±2.6210.01±2.8710.90±2.6873.720.97.28.1
    槟榔芋6114.04±4.6017.86±6.9721.91±5.9919.35±5.0224.51±5.8957.327.110.621.0
    多子芋1111.38±3.4415.39±2.3017.20±4.0314.93±3.9419.54±3.5758.221.212.023.6
    胡萝卜1671.11±18.5081.81±13.8084.17±14.2180.50±13.7792.07±12.1777.211.18.612.6
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  4   结球甘蓝菜氮磷钾施肥类别的分类结果比较

    Table  4   Classifications of NPK fertilization on headed cabbages

    施肥
    类别数
    各施肥类别所含试验点数/个两两类别间差异显著性
    类别1类别2类别3类别4类别5类别6类别7组合数P < 5%组合数
    374125----33
    42516725---66
    591625167--1010
    6349162516-1515
    711534916252120
    注:结球甘蓝菜的试验点数为73个。
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  5   结球甘蓝菜4个氮磷钾施肥类别间的差异显著性检验(F值)

    Table  5   Differential significance test on 4 NPK fertilization classes on headed cabbages (F value)

    施肥类别类别1类别2类别3类别4
    类别10.0
    类别26.6*0.0
    类别382.0**20.6**0.0
    类别428.4**31.4**65.8*0.0
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  6   供试蔬菜的氮磷钾施肥类别及其试验点数

    Table  6   NPK fertilization classes on vegetables and number of experiments conducted

    蔬菜
    种类
    试验
    点数
    施肥
    类别
    施肥类别及其试验点数
    1234
    芥菜30310713-
    毛豆103262
    大白菜2732817-
    槟榔芋613112921
    结球甘蓝菜7342516725
    多子芋113344
    莴苣30391110-
    胡萝卜163574
    花椰菜3239167-
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  7   主要露地蔬菜氮磷钾推荐施肥量

    Table  7   Recommended NPK fertilization for vegetables grown in open field

    区域土壤肥力
    等级
    空白产量/
    (t·hm-2)
    目标产量/
    (t·hm-2)
    最高施肥量/(kg·hm-2)经济施肥量/(kg·hm-2)
    NP2O5K2ONP2O5K2O
    芥菜27.05±4.36116.84±7.81334133207331131204
    21.39±3.2879.64±9.373007613929775127
    16.03±9.0260.72±15.81321187234314180227
    大白菜38.14±16.2473.12±7.312589620925494206
    30.52±6.0750.00±6.192115118720750174
    17.46±4.6833.06±3.332268620321881189
    结球甘蓝菜51.50±22.8284.01±9.18284112255278110243
    中高30.02±10.7460.00±7.95329102297321100283
    31.57±8.4352.92±4.513315419332053179
    19.11±7.6338.25±9.183119327329990255
    莴苣24.90±5.9651.65±5.43208196249205191232
    13.35±4.8130.11±7.04178149311171146285
    8.95±6.7030.09±6.28248203286240197261
    花椰菜33.68±4.3158.63±3.32268133259261126242
    14.17±5.4824.69±5.471658316115879152
    9.42±4.0320.79±3.813129933429494284
    毛豆11.20±0.4613.90±0.04199123881719457
    7.93±0.8011.34±1.211911041031708286
    5.20±0.286.58±0.812381311651406892
    槟榔芋19.22±1.9331.15±2.41378113301346108261
    11.89±3.0922.86±2.25331145324306128278
    9.80±1.8616.16±1.35306134173273103221
    多子芋13.77±4.1223.26±2.211928520818179190
    10.88±2.5218.97±0.88151134150142116140
    8.86±1.7015.34±0.64115113176102101162
    胡萝卜96.04±11.16106.96±12.613765554736353517
    68.23±11.8293.57±5.742326753822466490
    58.92±10.2782.48±3.45320156675303151601
    注:空白产量和平衡施肥产量均为试验平均产量及其标准差。
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  8   氮磷钾推荐施肥量对供试蔬菜产量和施肥效益的影响

    Table  8   Benefits and vegetable yields resulted from recommended NPK application

    作物试验数空白区产量
    /(t·hm-2)
    习惯施肥推荐施肥推荐施肥效益
    肥料成本/
    (元·hm-2)
    产量/
    (t·hm-2)
    肥料成本/
    (元·hm-2)
    产量/
    (t·hm-2)
    肥料成本/
    (元·hm-2)
    增产
    /%
    净增收/
    (元·hm-2)
    槟榔芋310.34±0.31457616.74±0.49339018.06±0.31-11867.93834
    结球甘蓝菜423.85±9.63488235.65±15.25324138.06±14.69-16416.86459
    毛豆41.49±0.2018713.15±0.1918033.46±0.23-689.9692
    多子芋38.70±2.48126818.46±6.37195020.41±6.71+68210.63218
    下载: 导出CSV
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出版历程
  • 收稿日期:  2018-09-19
  • 修回日期:  2018-10-19
  • 刊出日期:  2018-10-27

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