Spatial Evolution and Related Factors of Municipal Impervious Surfaces in Xiamen
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摘要: 伴随着城镇化进程的加快，城市内的不透水面持续增加，雨水径流难以下渗，引发城市内涝及热岛效应。以不透水面为主的城市景观格局改变，受到社会广泛关注。掌握不透水面时空演变，对于城市生态保护和“海绵城市”建设具有重要意义。以厦门为研究区，选取2000年、2004年、2010年及2015年Landsat遥感影像，采用V-I-S模型提取城市不透水面，利用不透水面转移矩阵及景观格局指数等方法，研究厦门市近15年来不透水面景观格局时空演变。结果表明，次高盖度、较高盖度、高盖度和极高盖度类型不透水面面积在2000-2015年间保持扩张趋势，分别增加10 394.73、9 802.89、8 942.4 hm2，低盖度和极低盖度类型不透水面面积迅速减少，其中极低盖度类型减少趋势明显，从2000年43 906.86 hm2减少到2015年的8 327.79 hm2，低盖度类型不透水面面积从32 499.81 hm2降低到18 958.95 hm2，进而分析了不透水面景观格局变化与城市生态环境的关联，为优化城市不透水面的科学布局提供依据。Abstract: Urbanization and municipal development inevitably brings about the ever-increasing impervious surfaces in the city. Such spatial evolution hindered rainwater infiltration on the ground causing water logging and heat island effect. Consequently, the changes in urban landscape and land use pattern have become a major concern for the government and people live in the city. Through a keen understanding of the Space-and-time evolution of impervious surface, can help us to protect the urban ecosystem and building "sponge city". For Xiamen, in the current study, the V-I-S model applied to extract the impervious surface in the city from four Landsat remote images taken in 2000, 2004, 2010 and 2015. The spatial pattern and temporal evolution of the municipal impervious surface in the past 15 years were constructed for a detailed analysis using transfer matrix and landscape pattern index. The results showed that LHISA, MHISA and HDISA in Xiamen expanded continually from 2000 through 2015, with the accumulated increases of 10 394.73 hm2、9 802.89 hm2 and 8 942.4 hm2 respectively. Meanwhile, LDISA and VLISA were declined rapidly, as LDISA reduced to 18 958.95 hm2 and VLISA remarkably decreased from 43 906.86 hm2 in 2000 to 8 327.79 hm2 in 2015. The correlation between the impervious surface pattern on the landscape and the urban ecological environment was discussed with respect to the optimized scientific planning of the impervious surface for the city.
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Key words:
- Impervious surface /
- heat island effect /
- landscape planning /
- sponge city
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图 4 2000-2015年间厦门市不透水面RMS误差
Figure 4. RMS error gap of impervious surfaces in Xiamen, 2000-2015
图 5 2000-2015年厦门城市不透水面不同密度土地利用类型面积比例
Figure 5. Land use and percentage of different density of impervious surfaces in Xiamen, 2010-2015
表 1 2000-2015年间厦门市各不透水面类型面积及所占百分比
Table 1. Types and percentage of impervious surfaces in Xiamen, 2000-2015
不透水面盖度类型 2000年 2004年 2010年 2015年 面积/hm2 百分比/% 面积/hm2 百分比/% 面积/hm2 百分比/% 面积/hm2 百分比/% VLISA 43906.86 31.32 16290.45 11.80 16389.41 11.64 8327.79 5.74 LDISA 29907.63 21.34 19143.09 13.87 26974.13 19.15 18958.95 13.08 MDISA 25754.22 18.37 26067.87 18.88 31086.68 22.07 32748.48 22.59 LHISA 18198.32 12.98 27021.96 19.57 25067.57 17.80 30629.16 21.12 MHISA 10525.41 7.51 21033.77 15.24 16370.78 11.62 20034.18 13.82 HDISA 5360.265 3.82 13718.34 9.94 10164.29 7.22 15497.82 10.69 FDISA 4524.435 3.23 12779.51 9.26 12799.76 9.09 16780.95 11.57 
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表 2 2000-2004年厦门市不透水面盖度类型转移矩阵
Table 2. Transfer matrix on coverage by impervious surfaces in Xiamen, 2000-2004
(单位/hm2) 2000年 VLISA LDISA MDISA LHISA MHISA HDISA FDISA 2004年 VLISA 6425.55 3918.33 2554.56 1457.1 827.55 500.94 660.78 16344.81 LDISA 7896.33 4709.43 3152.79 1671.12 837.54 435.51 553.14 19255.86 MDISA 10204.2 6265.35 4634.91 2619.45 1232.37 578.79 641.43 26176.5 LHISA 9109.71 6034.95 5275.62 3534.3 1756.08 730.26 650.52 27091.44 MHISA 5436.72 4138.02 4345.83 3605.58 2095.92 840.51 595.35 21057.93 HDISA 2390.22 2137.32 2399.85 2235.24 1530.72 720.09 480.96 11894.4 FDISA 1980.81 2403.36 3198.6 3001.23 2237.13 1574.19 1165.86 15561.18 43443.54 29606.76 25562.16 18124.02 10517.31 5380.29 4748.04
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表 3 2004-2010年厦门市不透水面盖度类型转移矩阵
Table 3. Transfer matrix on coverage by impervious surfaces in Xiamen, 2004-2010
(单位/hm2) 2004年 VLISA LDISA MDISA LHISA MHISA HDISA FDISA 2010年 VLISA 3537.63 3636 3888.18 2917.35 1511.37 350.01 64.17 15904.71 LDISA 3856.95 5371.83 7025.22 5943.69 3203.46 671.58 123.75 26196.48 MDISA 3431.25 4764.42 7218.99 7694.55 5072.49 1218.69 271.26 29671.65 LHISA 2438.19 2702.52 4266.99 5766.57 5525.64 1941.03 347.22 22988.16 MHISA 1540.35 1389.96 1966.68 2672.19 3449.43 2984.13 492.84 14495.58 HDISA 849.06 700.92 945.27 1148.22 1315.53 3427.83 1482.75 9869.58 FDISA 582.66 464.67 647.91 809.91 931.68 4949.01 7215.84 15601.68 16236.09 19030.32 25959.24 26952.48 21009.6 15542.28 9997.83
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表 4 2010-2015年厦门市不透水面盖度类型转移矩阵
Table 4. Transfer matrix on coverage by impervious surfaces in Xiamen, 2010-2015
(单位/hm2) 2010年 VLISA LDISA MDISA LHISA MHISA HDISA FDISA 2015年 VLISA 2241.18 2341.62 2099.25 1196.37 292.86 92.34 64.17 8327.79 LDISA 4733.1 6227.19 5018.4 2114.91 571.32 170.28 123.75 18958.95 MDISA 4945.23 9506.34 9979.29 5705.46 1941.66 399.24 271.26 32748.48 LHISA 2658.6 5909.4 8633.34 7944.84 4198.05 937.71 347.22 30629.16 MHISA 1318.77 2422.08 4204.26 5589.72 4467.87 1538.64 492.84 20034.18 HDISA 640.44 949.59 1829.43 3176.1 4157.37 3262.14 1482.75 15497.82 FDISA 336.78 395.55 737.73 1419.57 2616.84 4058.64 7215.84 16780.95 16874.1 27751.77 32501.7 27146.97 18245.97 10458.99 9997.83
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表 5 厦门市不透水面景观指数
Table 5. Impervious surface indices on Xiamen landscape, 2010-2015
年份 景观格局指数类型 TA NP PD LPI LSI IJI SHDI SHEI AI 2000 310721.58 164794 53.0359 44.7355 196.7689 71.8056 1.4981 0.7204 78.9569 2004 310721.58 199410 64.1764 51.9488 223.4009 74.5225 1.5578 0.7492 76.0888 2010 310721.58 155194 49.9463 44.4216 204.6318 71.6059 1.5592 0.7498 78.1137 2015 310721.58 137116 44.1283 43.586 194.6856 70.5646 1.5905 0.7649 79.1879
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