Water Chemistry of Typical Forestry at Zhangjiakou Site for 2022 Winter Olympics
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摘要: 为改善2022年冬奥会河北省张家口市崇礼赛区（和平林场）森林水环境，以当地典型森林类型（山杨林、云杉林、白桦林和华北落叶松林）为研究对象，比较其在降雨分配过程中（林外雨、穿透雨、树干径流、地表径流）对降水水化学性质的影响程度。化学需氧量（COD）、氨氮（NH3-N）、总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）分别使用消解比色法、水杨酸法、过硫酸盐氧化法、消解抗坏血酸法测定。结果表明：（1）降雨经过林冠层后（穿透雨）4个林分COD、TN含量较林外雨整体上呈增加趋势；NH3-N、TP含量呈减少的趋势；（2）树干径流中4个林分COD、NH3-N、TN、TP含量较林外雨整体上均呈增加趋势；（3）4个林分的地表径流中COD、TN、TP含量较林外雨呈增加趋势；NH3-N含量呈减少趋势；（4）水化学性质综合变化指数分别为林外雨0.65、山杨林0.95，云杉林2.09，白桦林1.30，华北落叶松林2.32。降雨对森林的化学淋溶作用较大，经淋溶作用后穿透雨、树干径流及地表径流中的NH3-N、TN、TP净淋溶量出现了负值。森林降低了雨水中氨氮的含量，对水化学环境起到了一定的净化作用，对改善水生态环境具有一定意义。Abstract: To improve the water ecology in the forest at Chongli (the Peace Forest) of Zhangjiakou, Hebei in preparation for the upcoming 2022 Winter Olympics, the water chemistry of four typical forest types in the area was studied. The Picea wilsonii, Betula platyphylla, Pobulus davidiana and Larix principis-rupprechtii forestry were compared regarding the distribution of precipitation and the chemistry of rainfall, throughfall, stemflow, and surface runoff. The chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) in rainwater were determined by the methods of digestion, salicylic acid, persulfate oxidation, and ascorbic acid digestion, respectively. The results showed that:(1) the rains that fell through the tree canopy layer (throughfall) contained increasing COD and TN, but decreasing NH3-N and TP, as compared to those outside the four forestry; (2) in the stemflow, the COD, NH3-N, TN, and TP were higher inside than outside the four forestry; (3) the COD, TN and TP of surface runoff in the four forestry increased, while NH3-N declined, as compared to the rain water outside the forest; and (4) the comprehensive indices on water chemistry were 0.65 for the rain fell outside the forest, 0.95 for the P. davidiana forestry, 2.09 for the P. wilsonii forestry, 1.30 for the B. platyphylla forestry, and 2.32 for the L. principis-rupprechtii forestry. Rainfalls seemed to exert a considerable effect on the chemicals leached in forest. With rainfalls, the net leaching of NH3-N, TN and TP in the throughfall, stemflow and surface runoff at the forestry became negative, indicating that the trees were capable of reducing ammonia nitrogen in rainwater resulting in some water purification effect benefiting the ecology of the environment surrounding the forestry.
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Key words:
- throughfall /
- stemflow /
- runoff /
- water chemistry
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表 1 不同林分样地基本概况
Table 1. Profiles of forestry types
序号 林分类型 起源 海拔/m 坡度/° 郁闭度 平均树高
/m平均胸径
/cm林层结构 1 云杉纯林 人工林 1590 22 0.55 13.0 13.4 单层 2 白桦纯林 次生林 1640 26 0.75 12.7 13.0 单层 3 山杨纯林 次生林 1596 31 0.75 11.9 10.1 单层 4 华北落叶松纯林 人工林 1590 24 0.55 14.6 14.8 单层 
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表 2 地表水环境质量标准基本项目标准限值[14]
Table 2. Basic standards for environmental quality of surface water
[单位/(mg·L-1)] 项目 Ⅰ类 Ⅱ类 Ⅲ类 Ⅳ类 Ⅴ类 COD ≤15 ≤15 ≤20 ≤30 ≤40 NH3-N ≤0.15 ≤0.50 ≤1.00 ≤1.50 ≤2.00 TN ≤0.20 ≤0.50 ≤1.00 ≤1.50 ≤2.00 TP ≤0.02 ≤0.10 ≤0.20 ≤0.30 ≤0.40 注：数据来源于《地表水环境质量标准(GB3838-2002)》
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表 3 不同林分水样的水化学性质
Table 3. Chemical properties of water samples from forestry of different types
林分类型 COD/
(mg·L-1)TN/
(mg·L-1)TP/
(mg·L-1)NH3-N/
(mg·L-1)COD
污染指数TN
污染指数TP
污染指数NH3-N
污染指数综合
污染指数林外雨 1 2.60 0.12 1.94 0.025 1.3 0.3 0.97 0.65 山杨纯林 穿透雨 39±2.00cd 0.50±0.10bc 0.07±0.01a 1.48±0.01bc 0.98 0.25 0.16 0.74 0.53 树干径流 58±2.00bc 2.90±0.20bc 0.08±0.01bc 1.61±0.15bc 1.45 1.45 0.21 0.81 0.98 地表径流 67±60.50b 5.90±3.16a 0.17±0.04a 0.73±0.54a 1.66 2.93 0.43 0.39 1.35 云杉纯林 穿透雨 56±1.00bc 4.60±0.10a 0.09±0.03a 1.92±0.05a 1.40 2.30 0.22 0.96 1.22 树干径流 212±8.00a 6.10±0.30ab 0.72±0.03ab 2.22±0.12ab 5.30 3.05 1.81 1.11 2.82 地表径流 90±5.00ab 9.18±4.78a 0.48±0.25a 1.70±0.19a 2.25 4.59 1.19 0.85 2.22 白桦纯林 穿透雨 61±2.00ab 2.90±0.20ab 0.07±0.02a 1.80±0.00ab 1.53 1.45 0.18 0.90 1.01 树干径流 48±2.00cd 1.90±0.10cd 0.10±0.01bc 1.58±0.04bc 1.20 0.95 0.24 0.79 0.80 地表径流 170±46.50a 6.27±2.17a 0.18±0.02a 1.21±0.67a 3.85 4.90 2.01 1.69 3.11 华北落叶松纯林 穿透雨 65±2.00a 4.60±0.20a 0.11±0.02a 1.70±0.10ab 1.63 2.30 0.28 0.85 1.26 树干径流 154±2.00ab 9.80±0.10a 0.81±0.03a 3.37±0.05a 4.24 3.14 0.44 0.60 2.10 地表径流 124±11.50ab 12.08±7.28a 0.35±0.08a 0.76±0.40a 3.09 6.04 0.87 0.38 2.59 注:表中小写字母不同表示同一水样类型不同林分之间存在显著差异(P＜0.05)。
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表 4 降雨净淋溶4项指标含量和淋溶系数
Table 4. Net contents of 4 indicators and leaching coefficients of rainfalls
林分类型 项目 COD TN TP NH3-N 山杨纯林 穿透雨净淋溶/(mg·L-1) 38 -2.10 -0.06 -0.46 树干径流净淋溶/(mg·L-1) 57 0.30 -0.04 -0.33 地表径流净淋溶/(mg·L-1) 66 3.26 0.05 -1.21 穿透雨淋溶系数 39 0.19 0.53 0.76 树干径流淋溶系数 58 1.12 0.68 0.83 地表径流淋溶系数 67 2.26 1.37 0.38 云杉纯林 穿透雨净淋溶/(mg·L-1) 55 2.00 -0.03 -0.02 树干径流净淋溶/(mg·L-1) 211 0.30 -0.04 -0.33 地表径流净淋溶/(mg·L-1) 89 6.58 0.36 -0.24 穿透雨淋溶系数 56 1.77 0.75 0.99 树干径流淋溶系数 212 1.12 0.67 0.83 地表径流淋溶系数 90 3.53 4.00 0.88 白桦纯林 穿透雨净淋溶/(mg·L-1) 60 0.30 -0.05 -0.14 树干径流净淋溶/(mg·L-1) 47 -0.70 -0.02 -0.36 地表径流净淋溶/(mg·L-1) 169 3.67 0.06 -0.73 穿透雨淋溶系数 61 1.12 0.58 0.93 树干径流淋溶系数 48 0.73 0.83 0.81 地表径流淋溶系数 170 2.41 1.50 0.62 华北落叶松纯林 穿透雨净淋溶/(mg·L-1) 64 2.00 -0.01 -0.24 树干径流净淋溶/(mg·L-1) 153 7.20 0.69 1.43 地表径流净淋溶/(mg·L-1) 123 9.48 0.23 -1.18 穿透雨淋溶系数 65 1.77 0.92 0.88 树干径流淋溶系数 154 3.77 6.75 1.74 地表径流淋溶系数 124 4.65 2.92 0.39
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