Migration of Heavy Metals from Soil to Rice Plant
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摘要: 为阐明土壤重金属（Cd、Pb、Cr、As、Hg）对水稻的迁移转化，采集福建闽西地区的水稻主产区土壤、水稻植株样品，对土壤-水稻系统中重金属含量特征、水稻对土壤重金属的富集性、重金属在土壤-水稻系统中的迁移转化特性及其与土壤理化性质的关系进行了分析。结果表明：水稻籽粒中5种重金属均在不同程度上超过国家食品安全标准，污染排序为Pb > Cd > As > Cr > Hg，土壤中5种重金属的污染排序为Hg > Cd > Pb > Cr > As；水稻籽粒对土壤中5种重金属的富集能力基本为Cd > As > Cr > Hg > Pb，5种元素在水稻植株各器官的迁移特征一般呈现根部>茎叶>籽粒的现象，其中Cd元素最容易向水稻植株迁移，Pb元素最不易迁移。土壤理化性质均不同程度影响水稻的迁移系数，其中土壤pH的作用相对明显，低pH可促进重金属在土壤-水稻中的迁移吸收。Abstract: Characteristics of the migration of 5 heavy metals (i.e., Cd, Pb, Cr, As, and Hg) in a soil-rice system were investigated. Field samples of soil and the rice grown on it were collected from typical rice production areas in western Fujian for the study. Contents and enrichment/migration capabilities of the heavy metals in the system were determined for a correlation analysis. To varying extents, the metal contents in rice grain samples exceeded the national food safety limits. The severities of the heavy metal pollution in rice were in the order of Pb > Cd > As > Cr > Hg; whereas, in soil, Hg > Cd > Pb > Cr > As. The enrichment capabilities of rice on heavy metals from the soil were in the order of Cd > As > Cr > Hg > Pb.The heavy metal migrations from soil to organs of a rice plant decreased in the order of root > stem leaf > grain. Among the 5 heavy metals, Cd had the highest migration rate, while Pb the lowest. The physiochemical properties of soil also affected the metal transfer. For instance, pH contributed more to the movement of heavy metals in a soil-rice system than others. At low pHs, the heavy metal transfer to and absorption by the plant tended to increase.
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图 2 研究区土壤理化性质频数分布
Figure 2. Frequency distribution characteristics of physiochemical properties of soil at study areas
图 3 研究区水稻籽粒对土壤中重金属的富集能力
Figure 3. Enrichment capability of rice grains on heavy metals from soil at study areas
表 1 研究区土壤-水稻系统重金属含量
Table 1. Heavy metal contents in soil-rice systems at study areas
元素 土壤/
(mg·kg-1)水稻根系/
(mg·kg-1)水稻茎叶/
(mg·kg-1)水稻籽粒/
(mg·kg-1)Cd 0.089~3.67 0.111~12.5 0.01~3.52 0.004~1.14 Pb 43.2~486 8.27~259 0.252~26.9 0.043~2.58 Cr 7.45~366 6.96~215 2.43~36.5 0.018~5.39 As 1.81~30.2 0.823~4.60 0.123~1.46 0.057~0.412 Hg 0.137~1.51 0.018~0.304 0.009~0.089 0.003~0.028 
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表 2 研究区土壤-水稻系统重金属的迁移能力
Table 2. Migration capability of heavy metals in soil-rice systems at study areas
元素 Tf
(soil-root)Tf
(root-shoot)Tf
(shoot-grain)Cd 0.37~11 0.09~3 0.08~2 Pb 0.04~1 0.01~0.2 0.01~0.1 Cr 0.10~1.6 0.04~0.9 0.02~0.7 As 0.06~1.1 0.03~0.8 0.06~0.9 Hg 0.13~1.8 0.01~0.5 0.01~0.3 注：Tf(soil-root)表示重金属从土壤到水稻根部的迁移系数，Tf(root-shoot)表示重金属从水稻根部到茎叶的迁移系数，Tf(shoot-grain)表示重金属从水稻茎叶到籽粒的迁移系数。
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表 3 研究区土壤理化性质与重金属迁移系数的相关性
Table 3. Correlations between physiochemical properties of soil and heavy metal migration at study areas
pH SOM N P K Cd Tf(soil-root) -0.250* -0.094 -0.287** -0.052 0.365** Tf(root-shoot) 0.210* -0.046 -0.111 -0.042 0.328** Tf(shoot-grain) -0.278** -0.288** 0.004 0.012 -0.214* Pb Tf(soil-root) -0.261* -0.219* -0.339** -0.269** 0.260* Tf(root-shoot) 0.004 -0.145 -0.072 0.013 0.202* Tf(shoot-grain) -0.235* -0.057 0.123 0.142 -0.245* Cr Tf(soil-root) -0.077 -0.065 -0.164 -0.041 0.363** Tf(root-shoot) 0.028 0.064 0.006 0.034 -0.242* Tf(shoot-grain) -0.215* -0.128 -0.083 0.005 0.247* As Tf(soil-root) -0.142 -0.289** -0.467** -0.276** 0.543** Tf(root-shoot) 0.459** 0.134 0.281** 0.050 -0.521** Tf(shoot-grain) -0.346** 0.101 0.066 -0.072 -0.092 Hg Tf(soil-root) -0.134 0.104 0.123 0.102 -0.218* Tf(root-shoot) 0.400** -0.157 -0.294** -0.076 0.383** Tf(shoot-grain) -0.243* 0.086 0.117 -0.008 -0.345** 注：**表示极显著相关(P < 0.01)，*表示显著相关(P < 0.05)。
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